Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Overweight/Obesity in Routine Clinical Practice

Feb 27, 2026medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

Preventing repeat heart and blood vessel problems in overweight and obese patients during regular medical care

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Abstract

In a cohort of 27,051 patients, GLP-1 receptor agonist use was associated with a lower hazard of major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events compared to phentermine-topiramate.

GLP-1 receptor agonist use is linked to a decreased hazard of major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events compared to bupropion-naltrexone in a pre-weighting cohort.
In the propensity score-overlap weighted cohort, GLP-1 receptor agonists were not associated with a lower hazard of events compared to bupropion-naltrexone.
GLP-1 receptor agonists were associated with a lower hazard of these events compared to phentermine-topiramate, with an adjusted absolute rate difference of 0.98 per 1000 person-years.
The study highlights potential differences in cardiovascular outcomes among antiobesity medications in patients with cardiovascular disease.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) semaglutide has demonstrated efficacy for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease among patients with overweight/obesity without diabetes mellitus. However, the comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 RA versus other antiobesity medications (e.g. phentermine-topiramate) not been evaluated.

METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, cohort study using target trial emulation methodology using the Truveta electronic health record database of more than 120 million patients. Adult patients with a body mass index (BMI) >=27 kg/m, a history of cardiovascular disease (prior ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or myocardial infarction, or known coronary artery disease, heart failure, or peripheral artery disease) without diabetes mellitus were included in the study. The primary endpoint was time to first major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular event (MACCE, defined as stroke or myocardial infarction). 2

RESULTS: In total, 35,240 were included in the bupropion-naltrexone versus GLP-1 RA comparison, and 27,051 were included in the phentermine-topiramate versus GLP-1 RA comparison. In the pre-weighting cohort, GLP-1 RA use was associated with decreased hazard of MACCE compared to bupropion-naltrexone (HR 0.50 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.69]) and phentermine-topiramate (HR 0.43 [95% CI 0.30-0.60]). In the propensity score-overlap weighted cohort, GLP-1 RA prescription was not associated with a lower hazard of MACCE than bupropion-naltrexone (aHR 0.69 [95% CI 0.47-1.00]) but was associated with a lower hazard compared to phentermine-topiramate (aHR 0.61 [95% CI 0.41-0.91]; adjusted absolute rate difference 0.98 per 1000 person-years).

CONCLUSIONS: Prescription of a GLP-1 RA was associated with a lower risk of subsequent MACCE than phentermine-topiramate.

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Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Overweight/Obesity in Routine Clinical Practice

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