Semaglutide as an Adjunctive Therapy to Standard Management for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Real-World Data-Based Retrospective Analysis

Dec 16, 2024medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

Semaglutide added to usual treatment for unexplained high pressure in the brain: a real-world data review

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Abstract

Semaglutide reduced risks of visual disturbances, papilledema, and headache at three months in a cohort of 635 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Significant reductions in visual disturbances were observed with a relative risk of 0.28 (95% CI 0.179-0.440, p=0.0001).
Patients receiving semaglutide also experienced a decrease in the risk of papilledema, with a relative risk of 0.366 (95% CI 0.260-0.515, p=0.0001).
Headache symptoms were reduced with semaglutide, showing a relative risk of 0.578 (95% CI 0.502-0.665, p=0.0001).
The risk of refractory disease decreased by 40% at three months (RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.520-0.692, p=0.0001).
A progressive reduction in body mass index (BMI) was noted, with a baseline-adjusted difference of -1.38 kg/m (95% CI [-1.671, -1.089], p<0.0001) at 24 months.

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BACKGROUND: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a neurological disorder characterized by elevated intracranial pressure, predominantly affecting young women with obesity. This study evaluates the effectiveness of semaglutide as an adjunctive therapy to standard IIH management using real-world data.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis comparing IIH patients receiving semaglutide plus standard therapy versus standard therapy alone. After propensity score matching, we analyzed 635 patients in each cohort. Primary outcomes included papilledema, headache manifestations, visual disturbances, and refractory disease status at 3-months, 6-months, 12-months, and 24-months. Secondary outcomes included BMI changes.

RESULTS: Semaglutide demonstrated significant improvements across all outcomes. At three months, the treatment group showed reduced risks of visual disturbances (RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.179-0.440, p=0.0001), papilledema (RR 0.366, 95% CI 0.260-0.515, p=0.0001), and headache (RR 0.578, 95% CI 0.502-0.665, p=0.0001). These benefits persisted through 24 months. Refractory disease risk was reduced by 40% at three months (RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.520-0.692, p=0.0001). The semaglutide group showed progressive BMI reduction, with a baseline-adjusted difference of -1.38 kg/m(95% CI [-1.671, -1.089], p<0.0001) at 24 months. 2

CONCLUSIONS: Semaglutide as an adjunctive therapy demonstrates significant and sustained improvements in IIH-related outcomes, including visual disturbances, papilledema, and headache symptoms. These findings suggest semaglutide may be a valuable addition to standard IIH management protocols, particularly for patients with refractory disease.

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Semaglutide as an Adjunctive Therapy to Standard Management for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Real-World Data-Based Retrospective Analysis

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