What this is
- This retrospective cohort study evaluates the effectiveness of 0.5 mg and 1 mg doses of semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus () in Saudi Arabia.
- It analyzes changes in and weight over 12 months of treatment.
- The study also identifies predictors of response to semaglutide in this population.
Essence
- Semaglutide significantly reduced by -2.1% and weight by -6.19 kg over 12 months in patients. No significant differences were found between the 0.5 mg and 1 mg doses.
Key takeaways
- decreased significantly by -2.1% from baseline after 12 months of semaglutide treatment. This indicates effective glycemic control in the cohort.
- Weight reduction averaged -6.19 kg over the same period, which aligns with the drug's profile as a weight-loss aid for patients.
- No statistically significant differences were observed between the 0.5 mg and 1 mg doses in terms of and weight reduction, suggesting similar effectiveness at both doses.
Caveats
- The study's retrospective design limits the ability to establish causality between treatment and outcomes. Further prospective studies are needed.
- Data quality may be compromised due to reliance on electronic medical records, which could affect outcome accuracy.
- Potential biases exist, including selection bias, as the study was conducted at a single center.
Definitions
- HbA1c: A measure of average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, used to assess diabetes control.
- T2DM: A chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels.
Simplified
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose as their defining feature (1). In addition to hyperglycemia, DM is associated with metabolic abnormalities in metabolism and results in various micro and macrovascular complications (2). In Saudi Arabia, the pooled prevalence of type 2 DM (T2DM) is estimated at 16.4%, and the number of patients with diabetes is expected to double by 2030 (3, 4). Treatment strategies for T2DM include lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy. The American Diabetes Association emphasizes weight management as a vital component in achieving glycemic control (5). Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RAs) have been recently added to the market and have significant effects in achieving glycemic control and decreasing weight in patients with T2DM (6). Additionally, guidelines recommend GLP-1-RAs with proven cardiovascular (CV) benefit as one of the preferred options for add-on therapy in patients with T2DM and established atherosclotic CV disease after metformin and lifestyle intervention (7). Semaglutide is a once-weekly injectable GLP-1-RAs formulation that was approved in 2018 for the treatment of T2DM at doses up to 1 mg (8) (Product Monograph OZEMPIC ® semaglutide injection, n.d.). The clinical efficacy and safety of semaglutide have been studied in SUSTAIN clinical trials with the main outcome of assessing the efficacy in reducing Hemoglobin A1c % (HbA1c), weight change, and the safety profile of semaglutide in patients with T2DM (9). They found that semaglutide 0.5 and 1 mg were associated with significant reduction in HbA1c and weight, regardless to their use as add on with insulin or other antidiabetic agents.(9, 10, 11). In real world studies, the SURE program (The Semaglutide Unabated Real-World Effectiveness) comprised nine prospective observational real-world studies investigating once weekly semaglutide initiation in routine clinical practice in 10 countries: Canada (CA), Denmark/Sweden (DK/SE), France, Germany, Italy, Spain, The Netherlands, Switzerland (CH), and the United Kingdom (UK). A pooled analysis of data from four SURE studies included (CA, DK/SE, CH, and UK) showed a significant HbA1c reduction from baseline to end of the study by –1.1% and a significant body weight loss by –4.7 kg (10). Overall, the results from RCTs and real-world studies revealed that weekly semaglutide was associated with statistically significant and clinically relevant improvements in HbA1c and body weight in a wide range of adults with T2DM (11–15).
In clinical trials, both 0.5mg and 1mg of semaglutide have been assessed against placebo and other antidiabetic medications (16–21). The effect of both 0.5 and 1 mg was reported against placebo showing a slightly higher numerical advantage for 1mg. However, a direct comparison between effect of 0.5 and 1mg was not highlighted. Moreover, semaglutide drug approval studies did not include middle eastern population in the RCTs and real-world studies in this population are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of 0.5 and 1 mg of semaglutide on HbA1C and weight reduction in patients with T2DM in the Saudi population within 12 months of use and compare effectiveness between the 2 doses.
Materials and methods
Study design, setting, and treatment with semaglutide
This is an observational retrospective cohort study conducted at Security Force Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This tertiary care hospital has a 532 bed capacity which provide inpatient and outpatient services and a diabetes care center. The treatment with subcutaneous (SC), once weekly dose of semaglutide was based on the recommended starting dose of 0.25mg, then increasing to reach a maintenance dose of either 0.5mg or 1 mg(Product Monograph OZEMPIC ® semaglutide injection, n.d.).
Study population
Using electronic medical records, we extracted a list of all patients who received subcutaneous (SC) once weekly dose of semaglutide from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2021. The total number was 4211 patients. We screened the generated list and excluded duplicates; the remaining patients were 3346. We included patients not well controlled on metformin since it was the first line treatment recommended by ADA at the time (22). Inclusion criteria include the following: Age between 18 and 65 years, had a BMI of > 30 and HbA1c > 8%, were treated with metformin and reached the maximum tolerated dose, had at least one weight-related condition including hypertension, high cholesterol, or ischemic heart disease (IHD), and were maintained on the same dose of semaglutide (0.5 or 1 mg) during the 6 and 12-month follow up period. We excluded patients who were treated with another GLP1 against and patients who discontinued the treatment during the 1-year follow-up period without a documented reason for discontinuation. To insure mutually exclusive groups, we also excluded patients who did not remain on the same dose of 0.5 or 1 mg of semaglutide during the 6 and 12 months points.
Sample size and data collection process
Using the Scalex SP calculator (21) and an estimated diabetes prevalence of 16.4% and the absolute precision of 5% in predicting the prevalence with 95% confidence and taking into account the probable loss/attrition of 10%, we calculated the required sample size to be 235 patients, with Expected 95% CI for this sample size was (11.4%, 21.4%). We aimed to include 350 patients. To reach our desired sample size, we wanted to stratify patients according to the month of starting semaglutide. We aimed for a minimum of 30 patients each month to reach the desired sample size of 350 patients. The selection from each strata was made randomly using a random number generator website. The data collected retrospectively included age (years), gender, duration of DM (years), weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2), weight-related comorbid conditions (including Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, IHD, Diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy), concomitant medications (Sulfonylurea, Biguanide, Glinide, Thiazolidinedione, SGLT2 inhibitor, DPP4 inhibitor, and Insulin therapy) HbA1c (%), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (mmol/L), and lipid profile (mmol/L) at baseline, six months, and 12 months.
Study outcomes
The primary outcomes was to assess semaglutide effect on HbA1c and weight within 12 months of use and identify the predictors of change. The secondary outcome was to compare the effectiveness of 0.5mg and 1mg doses of semaglutide.
Ethical considerations
The research committee in Security Forces Hospital approved the study (SFH) (H-01-R-069, Research Number 22-633-69). The data confidentiality was maintained, and the collected data through REDCap were unidentifiable.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS software version 28. Continuous variables were checked for normality using visual examination of histograms, Q-Q plots, and Shapiro-Wilk test; and were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables are shown as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were compared using two-sample t-test or paired t-test, while categorical variables were compared using the Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests as appropriate. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlations between study variables and General Linear Model Repeated Measures ANOVA to study the longitudinal changes among different study timepoints. To examine the association between study variables and the outcome of HbA1c change at 12 months from baseline and weight change at 12 months, we conducted simple and multiple linear regression. After checking of linear regression assumptions, significant variables from simple linear regression were entered into multiple linear regression model. Interaction was examined by stratification and, if present, by the inclusion of an interaction term in the model to test for statistical significance. All reported P-values are two-sided and P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The baseline characteristics
The total cohort of patients was 363. The process for patient selection and reasons for exclusion is depicted in Figure 1. The mean age of the patients was 52.6 ± 8.5 and the mean duration of diabetes was 14 years. Most of the patients had dyslipidemia, and about half of them had hypertension. A smaller percentage of patients had diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy, while 11% had ischemic heart disease. The most commonly used concomitant medication was biguanide, followed by SGLT2 inhibitors, and about half of the patients were on insulin therapy. The baseline HbA1c% was high (9.9% ± 1.5), and the baseline FBG was also elevated (11.5 mmol/L ± 3.7). The patients had a mean body weight of 94 kg ± 15.7 and a mean BMI of 36.2 kg/m2 ± 5.7. In this study, only 3 out of the 363 patients had missing data points in BMI, while one patient had missing data in cholesterol. Given the small number of missing values relative to the overall sample size, and since the missing data were not related to the study outcomes, no imputation techniques were applied. Further details are in Table 1.
Included patients flow chart.
| Total | 0.5 mg | 1 mg | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients, n (%) | 363 | 105 (28.9%) | 258 (71.1%) | |
| Age (years) | 52.6 ± 8.5 | 53.8 ± 8.4 | 52.1 ± 8.5 | 0.092 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 14.2 ± 7.8 | 13.8 ± 7.2 | 14.3 ± 8.1 | 0.603 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 180 (49.6%) | 47 (44.8%) | 133 (51.6%) | 0.249 |
| Female | 183 (50.4%) | 58 (55.2%) | 125 (48.4%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 329 (90.6%) | 90 (85.7%) | 239 (92.6%) | 0.048 |
| Hypertension | 192 (52.9%) | 61 (58.1%) | 131 (50.8%) | 0.246 |
| IHD | 40 (11%) | 18 (17.1%) | 22 (8.5%) | 0.025 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 29 (8%) | 8 (7.6%) | 21 (8.1%) | 1 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 38 (10.5%) | 7 (6.7%) | 31 (12%) | 0.185 |
| Concomitant medications | ||||
| Sulfonylurea | 97 (26.7%) | 34 (32.4%) | 63 (24.4%) | 0.15 |
| Biguanide | 356 (98.1%) | 104 (99%) | 252 (97.7%) | 0.461 |
| Glinide | 2 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.588 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 5 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.327 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 173 (47.7%) | 47 (44.8%) | 126 (48.8%) | 0.49 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 7 (1.9%) | 2 (1.9%) | 5 (1.9%) | 1 |
| Insulin therapy | 183 (50.4%) | 46 (43.8%) | 137 (53.1%) | 0.132 |
| SU/insulin/TZD 1 | 307 (84.6%) | 95 (90.5%) | 212 (82.2%) | 0.054 |
| Body weight (kg) | 94 ± 15.7 | 94.3 ± 15.4 | 93.9 ± 15.9 | 0.801 |
| BMI (kg/m)2 | 36.2 ± 5.7 | 36.7 ± 6 | 36 ± 5.6 | 0.335 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 9.8 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 0.355 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 11.5 ± 3.7 | 11.1 ± 3.6 | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 0.184 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 0.015 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.316 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 3 ± 1 | 0.004 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 2 ± 1 | 0.409 |
Overall reduction in HbA1C and weight outcome
Within 6 and 12 months of semaglutide use, the decrease in HbA1c from baseline was significant (95% CI) at 6 months was -1.48% (-1.66 to -1.31) (P <0.001), and at 12 months of use was -2.1 (-2.3 to -1.91) (P <0.001). While the mean change in weight was -3.36 kg (-3.7 to -3.03) (P<0.001) at 6 months and -6.19 (-6.66 to -5.72) (P<0.001) at 12 months. Moreover, BMI, FBG, total cholesterol, LDL, and TG all decreased significantly from baseline (p<0.001). Further details are in Table 2.
| Variables | 6 months | P value | 12 months | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c (%) | -1.48 (-1.66 to -1.31) | <0.001 | -2.1 (-2.3 to -1.91) | <0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | -2.13 (-2.57 to -1.69) | <0.001 | -3.39 (-3.83 to -2.95) | <0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | -3.36 (-3.7 to -3.03) | <0.001 | -6.19 (-6.66 to -5.72) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m)2 | -1.29 (-1.42 to -1.16) | <0.001 | -2.39 (-2.57 to -2.21) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | -0.14 (-0.25 to -0.04) | 0.01 | -0.24 (-0.35 to -0.12) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | -0.19 (-0.29 to -0.08) | 0.001 | -0.26 (-0.35 to -0.17) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0 (-0.02 to 0.02) | 0.889 | 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.03) | 0.64 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | -0.11 (-0.2 to -0.01) | 0.033 | -0.19 (-0.3 to -0.09) | <0.001 |
Comparison of 0.5 and 1 mg semaglutide doses
When comparing the sub-groups of 0.5 and 1 mg doses, although results were numerically favorable of 1 mg, there were no statistically significant differences in HbA1c (-2.1 ± 1.8 vs. -2.1 ± 1.9%, p-value= 0.934, respectively), and weight (-6.1 ± 5 vs. -6.2 ± 4.4 kg, p-value=0.837, respectively) (Figure 2). Additionally, all other changes were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Further details are in Table 3; Figure 2.
Comparison of 0.5 and 1 mg semaglutide use over 12 months reduction inHbA1c andWeight. P = 0.934.Mean change in HbA1c. P = 0.837.Mean Change in weight. (A) (B) (A) (B)
| Variable change at 12 months | 0.5 mg group± SD | 1 mg group± SD | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight | -6.1 ± 5 | -6.2 ± 4.4 | 0.837 |
| BMI | -2.4 ± 2 | -2.4 ± 1.6 | 0.902 |
| HbA1c | -2.1 ± 1.8 | -2.1 ± 1.9 | 0.934 |
| FBG | -3.4 ± 4.2 | -3.4 ± 4.2 | 0.998 |
| Cholesterol | -0.1 ± 1.1 | -0.3 ± 1.1 | 0.235 |
| HDL | -0.1 ± 1 | 0 ± 0.6 | 0.532 |
| LDL | -0.1 ± 1 | -0.2 ± 1 | 0.247 |
| TG | -0.2 ± 1 | -0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.746 |
Predictors of effectiveness of semaglutide
Predictor of change in HbA1c
We conducted univariate linear regression to assess the association between study variables and the change in HbA1c after 12 months. We found that age (B = 0.048; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.07; P<0.001), duration of DM (B = 0.065; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.09; P<0.001), cholesterol baseline (B=-0.259; 95% CI-0.42 to -0.1; P=0.002), HbA1c baseline (B = -0.834; 95% CI -0.93 to -0.74; P<0.001), FBG baseline(B= -0.143; 95% CI -0.19 to -0.09; P<0.001) and insulin use (B = 0.932; 95% CI 0.54 to 1.33; P<0.001) were significantly associated with HbA1c change (Table S1: in Supplementary Files). To adjust for confounding, all significant variables from univariate analysis were included in the multiple linear regression. Only the duration of DM, baseline HbA1c, and insulin therapy were significant predictors of HbA1c change. Further details are in Table 4.
| B | SE | BETA | p | CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Constant) | 4.065 | 0.713 | 0 | <0.001 | 2.66 to 5.47 |
| Age | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.077 | 0.072 | 0 to 0.04 |
| Duration of DM | 0.024 | 0.01 | 0.102 | 0.018 | 0 to 0.04 |
| Hypertension | 0.099 | 0.145 | 0.027 | 0.498 | -0.19 to 0.39 |
| Cholesterol baseline | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.013 | 0.734 | -0.1 to 0.14 |
| HbA1c baseline | -0.82 | 0.047 | -0.652 | <0.001 | -0.91 to -0.73 |
| Any Insulin | 0.866 | 0.147 | 0.221 | <0.001 | 0.58 to 1.15 |
Predictor of change in weight reduction
We conducted univariate linear regression to assess the association between study variables and the change in weight after 12 months. We found that only any insulin use (B = 1.278; 95% CI 0.29 to 2.27; P<0.011) was significantly associated with weight change (: in). Since we only found 1 predictor of weight change, we were not able to do a multivariate analysis. 1 1
Discussion
Within our cohort, the average age was 52.6 ± 8.5 years, the average duration of DM was 14.2 ± 7.8 years, and the average baseline HbA1c was 9.9 ± 1.5%. The baseline characteristics between the 2 groups were comparable, except for higher number of patients with dyslipidemia and established IHD in the 1mg dose group. This indicates that clinicians might have a preference to use a higher dose of semaglutide for patients with increased CV risk, despite the lack of evidence supporting higher dose of semaglutide for risk reduction of major CV outcomes (7, 23).
Our results revealed that within 12 months, patients treated with semaglutide had a significant mean reduction in HbA1c (-2.1%) and FBG (-3.4mmol/L ± 4.2), weight was -6.19 kg, and BMI (-2.4 kg/m2± 1.8) from baseline. This was mostly comparable to results reported in previous studies. The mean reduction in HbA1c seems higher than in previous International studies ranging between 1.4% -1.8% for 0.5 and 1 mg (9, 12–14, 24). However, this higher reduction in HbA1c is consistent with another real-world study on Saudi population (25). This higher reduction might be attributed to the higher baseline HbA1c seen in our population, or due to sociodemographic difference. Further studies in Saudi patients are needed to explore these results.
Surprisingly, despite comparable baseline characteristics between the 0.5 and 1mg doses, the effectiveness between the two doses was comparable. The SUSTAIN RCT series have consistently used parallel group of 0.5 and 1mg of semaglutide to compare the effect of semaglutide against placebo and other antidiabetic medications, although the numerical reduction seemed higher in the higher dose, a direct comparison and statistical significance between the two doses was not provided. Additionally, we could not find a real-world study that compared the effectiveness between these 2 doses.
This study did not assess the safety and tolerability of semaglutide, primarily because of the retrospective nature of the study. As patients might discontinue the drug without reporting side effects. Additionally, we wanted to capture the true effect of different doses, so we excluded patient who discontinued the drug within 1 year. Therefore, comparison of side effect and adherence between 0.5 and 1 mg doses was not possible in this study. However, data from RCTs show an increase in some side effects with increasing the dose; like sever hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal side effects, which could affect adherence to semaglutide and limit long term benefit (20, 21, 26). Additionally, real-world studies assessing tolerability repot a lack of adherence of GLP-1RA possibly due to side effects (27, 28), which warrant further precaution when choosing to increase the goal dose.
The SUSTAIN FORTE trial compared the effect of semaglutide 2 mg vs 1mg in a similar patient population (patients on metformin and HbA1c >8%), and they found a significant reduction in both HbA1c and weight in the 2 mg doses as compared to the 1 mg dose. Results from our study support the SUSTAIN FORTE recommendation of gradual dose increase based on patient tolerability and outcome. Further real-world studies are needed to compare the efficacy and tolerabilty between different doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg studies Moreover, further investigation is warranted to determine who might benefit from higher doses and when higher doses are recommended.
Additionally, we identified baseline HbA1c to have a direct relation to reduction in HbA1c. this makes sense because a higher the baseline will result in a higher % reduction. Moreover, we found that glycemic control is inversely related to duration of DM diagnosis and insulin therapy, while weight loss is inversely related to insulin use.
Predictors of glycemic control have been costately reported to include the duration of DM diagnosis (29). It might be counterintuitive at first to think that insulin therapy is inversely related to glycemic control in patients using semagltide. However, Semaglutide uses multiple mechanisms to achieve glycemic including stimulating insulin secretion to levels of healthy patients, limiting glucagon secretion, and delaying gastric emptying which increase fullness, decrease food intake, and result in weight reduction. A possible explanation is that patients using external insulin might already have higher insulin resistance limiting the effectiveness of semaglutide in those patients. Moreover, insulin use is known to increase patients’ weight, which in term limit the extent to which semagltide have on both weight and glycemic control. Previous studies indicate a linear relationship between weight and HbA1c reduction, where every 1 kg reduction in weight correlates with a 0.1% reduction in HbA1c (30). Therefore, it’s not surprising that insulin use is a predictor for semaglutide effectiveness in achieving both glycemic and weight control.
We only found one observational study that investigated predictors of response to semaglutide in patients with T2DM. The study by Marzullo (14) confirms the effect of HbA1c baselines and duration of DM on predicting a reduction in HbA1c. Additionally, previous studies investigating predictors of response in Dulaglutide and Liraglutide indicate similar findings (31, 32). Furthermore, we found a statistically significant reduction in FBG, BMI, total cholesterol, and LDL in line with existing literature (15, 33).
Results from this study validate the results from previous studies of the significant improvement in glycemic and weight-loss benefit. Additionally, it adds to the existing literature a confirmation of improved reduction in HbA1c observed in Saudi patients who were not tested in RCTs. Moreover, this study was the first to provide a direct comparison and statistical significance assessment between the 0.5 and 1 mg doses of semaglutide and showed no statistical significance. Further real-world studies are needed to assess the needs, benefits, and down side of increasing the dose of semaglutide.
This study is limited by the inherent biases of retrospective design and being in a single center. Data were collected from medical records; so the quality of the data is not optimal. Additionally, several factors that might affect the outcome were not measured including adherence and lifestyle modifications.
Conclusion
Semaglutide once weekly SC injections were found to provide significant glycemic and weight loss benefits in patients with T2DM. We recommend a gradual dose increase based on patient response to dose. Starting with a goal dose of 0.5 mg and assessing patient achievement of benefit, then increase the dose as needed based on individual patient response. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of various semagltude doses.
Funding Statement
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. We greatly appreciate the support of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University in funding this research through: Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R167), Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Data availability statement
The data analyzed in this study is subject to the following licenses/restrictions: data was collected by the investigators in accordance with IRB approval. we have no consent to share the dataset publicly. Requests to access these datasets should be directed to IRB of security forces hospital and the primary/corresponding author. sjalarfaj@pnu.edu.sa.
Ethics statement
Security Forces Hospital Program-IRB. IRB registration number: H-01-R069. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements.
Author contributions
SaA: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. SuA: Investigation, Writing – original draft. AbA: Data curation, Writing – review & editing. AfA: Resources, Writing – review & editing. KA: Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2024.1395651/full#supplementary-material↗
References
Associated Data
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The data analyzed in this study is subject to the following licenses/restrictions: data was collected by the investigators in accordance with IRB approval. we have no consent to share the dataset publicly. Requests to access these datasets should be directed to IRB of security forces hospital and the primary/corresponding author. sjalarfaj@pnu.edu.sa.