Association of short-chain fatty acids and the gut microbiome with type 2 diabetes: Evidence from the Henan Rural Cohort

Apr 23, 2024Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD

Links between gut bacteria, short-chain fatty acids, and type 2 diabetes in a rural Henan population

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Abstract

The highest tertile of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is associated with a 79% lower prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

A significant inverse relationship was found between total SCFAs, acetate, butyrate, and T2DM prevalence.
Odds ratios indicated that individuals in the highest tertile of acetate and butyrate had lower odds of having T2DM.
Interactions were observed between SCFAs and gut microbial diversity that affected glucose levels.
Certain gut bacteria, such as Prevotella_9 and Odoribacter, were linked to lower T2DM prevalence, while Blautia was associated with higher prevalence.
These findings suggest that specific SCFAs and gut microbiome composition may influence glucose metabolism.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Human studies about short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the gut microbiome, and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are limited. Here we explored the association between SCFAs and T2DM and the effects of gut microbial diversity on glucose status in rural populations.

METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a cross-sectional study from the Henan Rural Cohort and collected stool samples. Gut microbiota composition and faecal SCFA concentrations were measured by 16S rRNA and GC-MS. The population was divided based on the tertiles of SCFAs, and logistic regression models assessed the relationship between SCFAs and T2DM. Generalized linear models tested the interactions between SCFAs and gut microbial diversity on glucose indicators (glucose, HbAlc and insulin). Compared to the lowest tertile of total SCFA, acetate and butyrate, the highest tertile exhibited lower T2DM prevalence, with ORs and 95% CIs of 0.291 (0.085-0.991), 0.160 (0.044-0.574) and 0.171 (0.047-0.620), respectively. Restricted cubic spline demonstrated an approximately inverse S-shaped association. We also noted interactions of the ACE index with the highest tertile of valerate on glucose levels (P-interaction = 0.022) and the Shannon index with the middle tertile of butyrate on insulin levels (P-interaction = 0.034). Genus Prevotella_9 and Odoribacter were inversely correlated with T2DM, and the genus Blautia was positively associated with T2DM. These bacteria are common SCFA-producing members.

CONCLUSIONS: Inverse S-shaped associations between SCFAs (total SCFA, acetate, and butyrate) and T2DM were observed. Valerate and butyrate modify glucose status with increasing gut microbial diversity.

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Association of short-chain fatty acids and the gut microbiome with type 2 diabetes: Evidence from the Henan Rural Cohort

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