Alterations in sleep and the biological clock in mood disorders: State of the art and therapeutic approaches

Sleep disorders are significant risk factors for the onset, relapse, and recurrence of mood disorders.

• Sleep disorders such as insomnia, hypersomnolence, nightmares, and circadian rhythm disorders are linked to mood disorders.
• The presence of sleep or circadian disruptions alongside mood disturbances may indicate a more severe clinical phenotype.
• Co-occurring sleep disturbances are likely associated with poorer prognosis compared to when mood and sleep disorders occur separately.
• Personalized interventions targeting both sleep and mood symptoms are being developed for various stages of mood disorders.
• Treatments include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), chronotherapeutics for circadian rhythm disruptions, and Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) for nightmares.

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