Snacking behavior is associated with snack quality, overall diet quality, and body weight among US college students

May 14, 2023Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)

Snacking habits are linked to snack healthiness, overall diet quality, and body weight in US college students

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Circadian Biology on OpenScience ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗

Abstract

Participants (n = 140) reported that evening snacks had a significantly lower snack score compared with late afternoon snacks (P = .017).

Increased accessibility and availability of unhealthy snacks was associated with a lower snack score (P = .001) and a lower diet quality score (P = .006).
A higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with greater accessibility to unhealthy snacks (P = .019).
Snacking for pleasure correlated with a lower snack score (P = .037).
Snack score was positively correlated with diet quality score, but no correlation was found with BMI.

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Snacking behavior may affect snack quality, overall diet quality, and body weight; however, the associations between these variables have not been studied among college students. The objective of this study was to associate snacking behaviors with snack quality, diet quality, and weight status among college students with overweight and obesity. We hypothesized that a higher snacking frequency, accessibility and availability of unhealthy snacks, and lack of knowledge would be associated with lower snack and diet quality, and higher weight. Participants (n = 140) completed a snack behavior questionnaire, three 24-hour dietary recalls to assess diet quality using Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015), and snack score using an algorithm based on the US DA Smart Snack guidelines and reported weight and height to calculate body mass index (BMI). Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation was used in the analyses. After adjusting for confounders, snack frequency was not associated with snack score, HEI-2015 score, or BMI, but evening snacks had a significantly lower snack score compared with late afternoon snacks (P = .017). Also, those with more accessibility and availability of unhealthy snacks had a lower snack score (P = .001), lower HEI-2015 score (P = .006), and higher BMI (P = .019). Snacking for pleasure was significantly associated with a lower snack score (P = .037). Snack score was positively correlated with HEI-2015 score but not with BMI. In conclusion, late snacking, unhealthy snack environment, and snacking for pleasure were associated with lower snack and diet quality. These findings could be used in future intervention strategies to improve snacking behaviors and the food environment.

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Snacking behavior is associated with snack quality, overall diet quality, and body weight among US college students

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