Advances in Targeted Engineered Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics for Respiratory Diseases: Current Insights and Future Perspectives

🎖️ Top 10% JournalOct 28, 2025International journal of nanomedicine

Progress in Using Designed Nanoparticles to Treat Lung Diseases: Current Understanding and Future Directions

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Abstract

(ENPs) have shown promise in overcoming limitations of traditional treatments for respiratory diseases.

Conventional therapies for respiratory diseases often have poor effectiveness due to issues like low bioavailability and inadequate penetration of lung barriers.
ENPs can encapsulate therapeutic agents, allowing for targeted delivery and controlled release, which may reduce systemic toxicity.
Inhalable ENPs designed to target lung cancer cell receptors are capable of penetrating lung barriers and delivering drugs effectively within lung tissue.
Recent advances in nanotechnology have expanded the potential uses of ENPs in gene therapy, immune modulation, and pulmonary tissue repair.
Challenges remain in the clinical translation of ENPs, including nanoparticle variability, inhalation difficulties, and issues with reproducibility and scalability.

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Treatments for respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, infectious pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis remain challenging. Conventional therapy such as inhaled corticosteroids and systemic antibiotics faces limitations of poor bioavailability, nonspecific biodistribution, and inadequate pulmonary barrier penetration, which often lead to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. (ENPs) have recently gained significant attention as a potential solution to address these existing challenges. By encapsulating therapeutic agents within lipid-based, polymeric, or inorganic nanostructures, ENPs enable targeted delivery and controlled release, thereby minimizing systemic toxicity and increasing interactions with disease-specific cellular targets. Notably, inhalable ENPs targeting lung cancer cell receptors have demonstrated exceptional ability to penetrate lung barriers, evade clearance, and deliver drugs deep into lung tissue while significantly reducing systemic side effects. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have further broadened their applications in gene therapy, immune modulation and regenerative medicine, such as stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and hydrogel scaffolds for pulmonary tissue repair. This review elucidates therapeutic applications in respiratory diseases, summarizes current advances in formulation design, and discusses translational challenges including nanoparticle heterogeneity, inhalation barriers and gaps in clinical implementation such as reproducibility and scalability, and future directions for clinical translation including reproducibility.

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