Ultrasound-responsive piezoelectric hydrogel attenuates oxidative stress-induced nucleus pulposus senescence via AMPK-FOXO1a-mediated mitophagy for intervertebral disc regeneration

Nov 9, 2025Biomaterials

Ultrasound-activated gel reduces cell aging from oxidative stress by boosting energy cleanup processes to help regenerate spinal discs

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Abstract

TT@P-Gel significantly improved the disc height index and Pfirrmann score in a rat model of intervertebral disc degeneration.

  • The progression of intervertebral disc degeneration is linked to the senescence of nucleus pulposus cells driven by oxidative stress.
  • TT@P-Gel enables dual therapy through electrical stimulation and controlled drug release using nanoparticles loaded with tannic acid and TGF-β.
  • In vitro, TT@P-Gel facilitates the release of TGF-β and tannic acid, which may reduce oxidative stress and restore mitochondrial function in senescent cells.
  • TT@P-Gel activates specific cellular signaling pathways that promote mitochondrial health and eliminate defective mitochondria.
  • In vivo findings indicate that TT@P-Gel reduces senescence markers, suggesting potential benefits for treating intervertebral disc degeneration.

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