Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment: From pathophysiological insights to therapeutic advances in the era of precision neurology (2025 review)

Oct 29, 2025Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD

Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment: Understanding causes and new therapies in the age of personalized brain care (2025 review)

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Abstract

Alzheimer's disease may involve complex interactions between neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and gut-brain axis disruption.

Advances in diagnosis now incorporate fluid biomarkers, high-resolution neuroimaging, and artificial intelligence for earlier disease detection.
The approval of anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies represents a shift towards treatments that could modify the disease rather than just manage symptoms.
Challenges regarding the efficacy, safety, and accessibility of new therapies remain significant.
Complementary strategies such as cognitive interventions and innovative drug delivery systems are essential for comprehensive patient care.
Emerging treatments like stem cell therapy, multitarget drug development, and precision medicine may alter the course of Alzheimer's disease.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder marked by progressive cognitive decline, functional impairment, and ultimately, loss of independence. Traditional models centered on amyloid-β and tau pathology have expanded to encompass interconnected processes such as neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and gut-brain axis disruption, underscoring the multifactorial nature of the disease. In this review, we delivered that advances in diagnosis now integrate fluid biomarkers within the A/T/N/X framework, high-resolution neuroimaging, and artificial intelligence, enabling earlier and more precise disease characterization. On the therapeutic front, the approval of anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies marks a paradigm shift toward disease-modifying approaches, yet challenges remain regarding efficacy, safety, and accessibility. Complementary strategies, including cognitive interventions and innovative drug delivery systems, highlight the need for multidimensional care that extends beyond pharmacology to improve patient quality of life. Furthermore, emerging avenues such as stem cell therapy, multitarget drug development, and precision medicine approaches illustrate a field in transition-shifting from symptomatic management toward personalized strategies aimed at altering the course of AD.

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Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment: From pathophysiological insights to therapeutic advances in the era of precision neurology (2025 review)

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