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Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting offers unprecedented control over the spatial distribution of cells and biomaterials for bone regeneration.
- Bioprinting enables the production of anatomically customized grafts with complex microarchitecture and biological functionality.
- Current preclinical outcomes are encouraging, yet significant challenges remain in mechanical performance and control over cellular environments.
- There is a lack of standardization in bioprinting technologies, impacting the reliability of outcomes.
- Trade-offs exist between printing resolution and scalability, affecting the practical application of bioprinted constructs.
- No clinical trials have been conducted to investigate bioprinted bone constructs, indicating ongoing translational challenges.
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