Abdominal obesity and the spectrum of global cardiometabolic risks in US adults

Dec 4, 2008International journal of obesity (2005)

Abdominal Obesity and Its Link to Heart and Metabolic Health Risks in US Adults

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Abstract

Abdominal obesity was present in 42.3% of men and 62.5% of women among 4,456 US adults studied.

Abdominal obesity prevalence varied significantly by gender and ethnicity, with 78.3% among Hispanics using specific cut points.
Increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and C-reactive protein were associated with higher body mass index and waist circumference.
25-35% of individuals with high waist circumference had three or more cardiometabolic risk factors.
High coronary heart disease risk was most prevalent in men (27.9%) and non-Hispanic whites (23.9%) with elevated waist circumference.
Individuals with high waist circumference were over five times more likely to have three or more cardiometabolic risk factors and had increased odds of being classified as high coronary heart disease risk.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the association of obesity and abdominal obesity with cardiometabolic risk factor burden and global estimated coronary heart disease (CHD) risk among multiethnic US adults.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional, survey study.

SUBJECTS: A total of 4456 participants (representing 194.9 million adults) aged 20-79 years in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

MEASUREMENTS: Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) measures, CHD risk factors and a 10-year estimated CHD risk based on Framingham algorithms. Obesity was defined as a BMI >or=30 kg/m(2) and abdominal obesity as a WC >88 cm in women and >102 cm in men. High CHD risk status included diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) or a 10-year Framingham risk score of >20%.

RESULTS: Overall, abdominal obesity was present in 42.3% of men and 62.5% of women and in 53.6% of whites, 56.9% of blacks and 50.5% of Hispanics (P<0.001 between gender and ethnicity). However, using International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-recommended WC cut points for Hispanics, the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 78.3%. Mean levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and C-reactive protein increased, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased (P<0.001) according to BMI and WC categories, although these associations were attenuated in blacks for blood pressure, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides. Of those with high WC, 25-35% had >or=3 cardiometabolic risk factors. High CHD risk among those with high WC was most common in men (27.9%) and non-Hispanic whites (23.9%). Persons with a high vs normal WC, adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and BMI were more likely to have >or=3 cardiometabolic risk factors (odds ratio (OR)=5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)=3.9-6.6) and were classified as high CHD risk (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.1-2.0).

CONCLUSION: The association of abdominal obesity with risk factors varies by ethnicity and is independently associated with high CHD risk status, further validating its clinical significance.

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Abdominal obesity and the spectrum of global cardiometabolic risks in US adults

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