Journal of agricultural and food chemistryNov 6, 2009

Compounds in adlay seed hulls that reduce inflammation caused by bacterial toxins in immune cells

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Updated Apr 1, 2026

Abstract

The ethyl acetate fraction of adlay seed hull extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity by reducing nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production.

Subfractions AHE-Ea-J, AHE-Ea-K, and AHE-Ea-M counteracted the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide in macrophages.
These subfractions down-regulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2.
Eriodictyol and a specific ceramide were identified as key compounds contributing to the anti-inflammatory effects.
This is the first identification of eriodictyol and the ceramide in adlay seed hull extracts.

Simplified

We investigated the effects of adlay seed hull (AH) extracts on the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. An AH ethanol extract (AHE) was partitioned into ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions. Silica gel chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction yielded 15 subfractions: AHE-Ea-A to AHE-Ea-O. Subfractions AHE-Ea-J, AHE-Ea-K, and AHE-Ea-M had anti-inflammatory activities, as they counteracted the increased cellular production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 induced by lipopolysaccharide by down-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 expression. Eriodictyol (1), the ceramide (2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxytetracosanoyl-amino]-1,3,4-octadecanetriol (2), and p-coumaric acid (3) were found in the subfractions, and the first two compounds appeared to be primarily responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. This is the first time that eriodictyol (1) and this ceramide (2) have been found in AH, and the anti-inflammatory properties of the AHE-Ea fraction can be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of these two compounds.

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Compounds in adlay seed hulls that reduce inflammation caused by bacterial toxins in immune cells

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