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The Afrotropical breeding grounds of the Palearctic-African migratory painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui)
Breeding areas in Africa of the migratory painted lady butterflies that travel between Europe and Africa
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Abstract
Field observations of the painted lady butterfly were nearly always predicted with high probability by previous .
- The painted lady butterfly migrates between Europe and Africa, but its wintering grounds remain largely unknown.
- Ecological niche modeling was used to predict suitable breeding areas in subhumid regions near the tropics from November to February.
- Extensive field surveys and two-year monitoring were conducted in six countries to validate these predictions.
- New breeding locations and year-round phenological data were documented during the study.
- The precipitation seasonality regime was found to influence migratory phenology in the butterfly.
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Key numbers
99.18 ± 0.29%
High Probability of Breeding
Average probability of confirmed breeding at suitable pixels.
2,755 caterpillars and 1,198 adults
Caterpillar and Adult Counts
Total counts documented across monitored breeding sites.