Beneficial long‐term antidiabetic actions of N ‐ and C ‐terminally modified analogues of apelin‐13 in diet‐induced obese diabetic mice

Administration of apelin-13 amide or pyroglutamyl apelin-13 amide significantly reduced body weight and blood glucose in mice fed a high-fat diet.

• Both apelin-13 amide and pyroglutamyl apelin-13 amide administration resulted in decreased food intake and increased plasma insulin levels compared to saline-treated controls.
• All peptide-treated groups exhibited improved glucose tolerance and metabolic responses to feeding.
• Pyroglutamyl apelin-13 amide significantly improved glycated hemoglobin and insulin sensitivity after 28 days.
• Both peptides increased bone mineral content and reduced circulating triglycerides, while pyroglutamyl apelin-13 amide uniquely reduced LDL cholesterol and total body fat.
• Increased glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations were observed in all treatment groups.

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