AIM: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global public health concern owing to its resistance to conventional antibiotics. To overcome this challenge, innovative strategies such as nanotechnology and phage therapy have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional antimicrobial treatments.
METHODS: This review explores the dual approach of using nanoparticles (NPs) and bacteriophages to treat MRSA. NPs, such as silver, gold, and zinc oxide, exhibit antimicrobial effects through mechanisms including membrane disruption, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and biofilm degradation. Phage therapy uses bacteriophages for the targeted lysis of MRSA. Additionally, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing targeting the mecA gene and efflux pump inhibition strategies are discussed as adjunctive therapies for MRSA infections.
RESULTS: Studies have shown that synergistic nanocomposites can enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotics against resistant strains. Engineered phages have demonstrated expanded host ranges, improved biofilm degradation, and resistance evasion to these mechanisms. ROS production by nanoparticles leads to oxidative stress and bacterial death. Blocking bacterial efflux pumps increases intracellular drug retention and improves therapeutic outcomes.
DISCUSSION: The combination of nanotechnology and phage therapy offers a complementary approach, with nanotechnology providing broad-spectrum activity and phages providing specificity and adaptability to the host. Challenges such as nanoparticle toxicity, environmental impact, and potential phage resistance require interdisciplinary research efforts and improved regulatory frameworks.
CONCLUSION: Integrating advanced nanotechnology and phage therapy into healthcare systems could transform the MRSA treatment landscape. Future research guided by systems biology and personalized medicine principles will be crucial for mitigating antimicrobial resistance and ensuring equitable access to novel therapeutics.
