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Exposure to artificial light at night during the larval stage has delayed effects on juvenile corticosterone concentration in American toads, Anaxyrus americanus
Artificial light at night during tadpole stage is linked to later stress hormone changes in young American toads
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Abstract
ALAN did not affect larval toads nor did it interact with the predator treatment to increase larval toad predation.
- Predators decreased survival and growth in larval toads.
- Neither predators nor ALAN affected corticosterone levels in larval and metamorph life-stages.
- An inverse relationship between corticosterone and survival was noted when predators were absent.
- Exposure to ALAN increased corticosterone levels in juvenile toads.
- Physiological effects of ALAN may manifest later in life-stages.
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