Consequences of artificial light at night on behavior, reproduction, and development of Lymnaea stagnalis

Exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) significantly affected the cumulative number of laid eggs in pond snails.

• Snails exposed to ALAN laid smaller eggs compared to those under normal light-dark cycles.
• High light intensity of ALAN delayed the development and hatching of snail eggs but did not affect hatching percentage.
• ALAN increased both the feeding and growth rates of the snails without causing mortality.
• Snails in dark conditions at night traveled longer distances and moved faster than those exposed to ALAN.
• These findings suggest that ALAN may influence the reproductive success and ecological stability of snails.

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