Link Between Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Changes in Lung Damage and Breathing Ability

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Wang reported receiving grants from University of Washington (US EPA RD831697, US EPA RD83479601-01, NIEHS K24ES013195, NIEHS P30ES07033) during the conduct of the study. Dr Aaron reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the conduct of the study, grants from the Stony Wold-Herbert Fund and the Alpha1 Foundation, and personal fees from Lancet Respiratory Medicine outside the submitted work. Dr Madrigano reported receiving grants from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration during the conduct of the study and personal fees from the NIH outside the submitted work. Dr Hoffman reported receiving grants from the NIH; is a founder and shareholder of VIDA Diagnostics, a company commercializing lung image analysis software developed, in part, at the University of Iowa; and holds patents for an apparatus for analyzing CT images to determine the presence of pulmonary tissue pathology (US6466687B1), an apparatus for image display and analysis (WO1990016056A1), and a method for multiscale meshing of branching biological structures (US20110093243A1). Dr Yang reported receiving grants from the NIH (NIH R01-HL121270) during the conduct of the study. Dr Sampson reported receiving grants from the EPA (RD831697, RD83479601-01) during the conduct of the study. Dr Sheppard reported receiving grants from the EPA during the conduct of the study and grants from the NIH and personal fees from the Health Effects Institute outside the submitted work. Dr Szpiro reported receiving grants from the EPA and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Health Effects Institute and the Electric Power Research Institute outside the submitted work. Dr Smith reported receiving grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study and grants from Quebec Health Research Fund, AstraZeneca, and McGill University Health Center Research Institute outside the submitted work. Dr Lederer reported receiving personal fees from Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Philips Respironics, Fibrogen, Global Blood Therapeutics, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Veracyte, and Galapagos outside the submitted work; institutional grant support from Fibrogen, Global Blood Therapeutics, and Boehringer-Ingelhim; performing unpaid consulting work for Galecto, Pliant Therapeutics, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; and is now a full-time employee of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (but was a was a full-time employee of Columbia University during the conduct of the study). Dr Diez-Roux reported receiving grants from the EPA and the NIH during the conduct of the study and Wellcome Trust outside the submitted work. Dr Kaufman reported receiving grants from the EPA and the NIH during the conduct of the study and the US National Institutes for Occupational Safety and Health, the Health Effects Institute, the Kresge Foundation, and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves outside the submitted work. Dr Vedal reported receiving grants from the EPA during the conduct of the study and support for a research chair from AXA Research Fund outside the submitted work. Dr Barr reported receiving grants from the COPD Foundation and the Alpha1 Foundation outside the submitted work and grants from the EPA and NIH during the conduct of the study. No other disclosures were reported.