Association between shift work or long working hours with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies

The pooled odds ratio of shift work and the development of metabolic syndrome is 1.35.

• Shift work is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
• The pooled odds ratio for long working hours and the development of metabolic syndrome is 1.19, but this relationship is not substantiated.
• In male shift workers, the pooled odds ratio is 1.25, while in female shift workers, it is 1.47.
• A dose-response analysis indicates that 5 years of shift work has a pooled odds ratio of 1.07, and 10 years has a pooled odds ratio of 1.11.
• There is a nonlinear dose-response relationship showing a positive association with up to 20 years of shift work, but not beyond that.

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