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Abstract
Bacterial immune systems consist of various defense mechanisms against bacteriophages and plasmids.
- Bacteria employ innate defense mechanisms, including surface defenses and superinfection exclusion.
- Adaptive immunity is provided by CRISPR-Cas systems that specifically target phage infections.
- Phages use strategies like genome modifications and anti-CRISPR factors to evade bacterial defenses.
- Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are emerging as significant components in bacterial anti-phage defense.
- Understanding these defense systems may enhance the development of biotechnological and medical applications.
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