Interaction Between Early Meals (Big-Breakfast Diet), Clock Gene mRNA Expression, and Gut Microbiome to Regulate Weight Loss and Glucose Metabolism in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Nov 27, 2024International journal of molecular sciences

How Early Big Breakfasts, Body Clock Genes, and Gut Bacteria Together Relate to Weight Loss and Blood Sugar Control in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

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Abstract

Meal timing may significantly influence metabolic processes through interactions with circadian clock genes and gut microbiota.

The circadian clock gene system is crucial for managing daily metabolic rhythms.
Skipping breakfast can disrupt the alignment between meal timing and circadian clock genes, which is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Eating most calories and carbohydrates early in the day can enhance the expression of metabolic circadian clock genes.
The gut microbiome exhibits daily fluctuations and plays a vital role in energy and glucose metabolism.
Disruptions in meal timing could lead to imbalances in gut microbiota, affecting circadian rhythms and metabolic responses.

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The circadian clock gene system plays a pivotal role in coordinating the daily rhythms of most metabolic processes. It is synchronized with the light-dark cycle and the eating-fasting schedule. Notably, the interaction between meal timing and circadian clock genes (CGs) allows for optimizing metabolic processes at specific times of the day. Breakfast has a powerful resetting effect on the CG network. A misaligned meal pattern, such as skipping breakfast, can lead to a discordance between meal timing and the endogenous CGs, and is associated with obesity and T2D. Conversely, concentrating most calories and carbohydrates (CH) in the early hours of the day upregulates metabolic CG expression, thus promoting improved weight loss and glycemic control. Recently, it was revealed that microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut microbiome (GM), and its derived metabolites display daily oscillation, and play a critical role in energy and glucose metabolism. The timing of meal intake coordinates the oscillation of GM and GM-derived metabolites, which in turn influences CG expression, playing a crucial role in the metabolic response to food intake. An imbalance in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) can also reciprocally disrupt CG rhythms. Evidence suggests that misaligned meal timing may cause such disruptions and can lead to obesity and hyperglycemia. This manuscript focuses on the reciprocal interaction between meal timing, GM oscillation, and circadian CG rhythms. It will also review studies demonstrating how aligning meal timing with the circadian clock can reset and synchronize CG rhythms and GM oscillations. This synchronization can facilitate weight loss and improve glycemic control in obesity and those with T2D.

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Interaction Between Early Meals (Big-Breakfast Diet), Clock Gene mRNA Expression, and Gut Microbiome to Regulate Weight Loss and Glucose Metabolism in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

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