The Relationship Between Breakfast Skipping, Chronotype, and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

Oct 8, 2013Chronobiology international

How skipping breakfast and daily timing preferences relate to blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes

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Abstract

Breakfast skippers had significantly higher HbA1C levels, with 11.3% of participants self-reporting missed breakfasts.

Skipping breakfast is linked to higher HbA1C levels in type 2 diabetes patients.
Participants who skipped breakfast also had higher body mass indices (BMI) and later mid-sleep times.
The association between skipping breakfast and higher HbA1C levels remained significant after adjusting for various factors.
Chronotype, indicated by mid-sleep time, partially mediated the relationship between breakfast skipping and poorer glycemic control.
Both later chronotype and breakfast skipping may contribute to worse glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients.

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Breakfast skipping is associated with obesity and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Later chronotypes, individuals who have a preference for later bed and wake times, often skip breakfast. The aim of the study was to explore the relationships among breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. We collected sleep timing and 24-h dietary recall from 194 non-shift-working type 2 diabetes patients who were being followed in outpatient clinics. Mid-sleep time on free days (MSF) was used as an indicator of chronotype. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) values were obtained from medical records. Hierarchical linear regression analyses controlling for demographic, sleep, and dietary variables were computed to determine whether breakfast skipping was associated with HbA1C. Additional regression analyses were performed to test if this association was mediated by chronotype. There were 22 participants (11.3%) who self-reported missing breakfast. Breakfast skippers had significantly higher HbA1C levels, higher body mass indices (BMI), and later MSF than breakfast eaters. Breakfast skipping was significantly associated with higher HbA1C values (B = 0.108, p = 0.01), even after adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, number of diabetes complications, insulin use, depressive symptoms, perceived sleep debt, and percentage of daily caloric intake at dinner. The relationship between breakfast skipping and HbA1C was partially mediated by chronotype. In summary, breakfast skipping is associated with a later chronotype. Later chronotype and breakfast skipping both contribute to poorer glycemic control, as indicated by higher HbA1C levels. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine whether behavioral interventions targeting breakfast eating or sleep timing may improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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The Relationship Between Breakfast Skipping, Chronotype, and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

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