Cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic conditions contribute significantly to healthcare burden.
are interrelated and associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
Traditional disease-specific treatments may not effectively address the complexity of CKM conditions.
Key therapeutic agents offer multi-organ benefits, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors.
Emerging therapies like triple receptor agonists may expand treatment options for CKM conditions.
Management of CKM requires a holistic approach that includes addressing associated conditions such as metabolic dysfunction and obesity.
Multidisciplinary care and novel technologies are essential for improving patient outcomes in CKM management.
Simplified
Cardiovascular, kidney and metabolic (CKM) conditions are interrelated, significantly contributing to morbidity, mortality and healthcare burden. Despite therapeutic advances, traditional disease-specific approaches often fail to address their complex interplay. Key therapeutic agents-including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide RAs, sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors and the nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) finerenone-offer multi-organ benefits. Emerging therapies, such as triple receptor agonists and second-generation MRAs, target new pathways further expanding treatment options for . A holistic CKM management approach must address and recognise that conditions such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity are part of the CKM spectrum. Frailty assessment is also important alongside CKM conditions, warranting comprehensive geriatric assessment and deprescribing when appropriate. Multidisciplinary care-including lifestyle interventions, pathway redesign, pharmacological advances and novel technologies-is essential for improving outcomes. As the CKM landscape evolves, future strategies should prioritise early intervention, personalised treatment and addressing unmet needs in high-risk populations. This review advocates for an integrated CKM framework, exploring treatment strategies, emerging therapies and technological innovations. It also examines the role of artificial intelligence and digital health tools in risk stratification, early diagnosis and long-term condition management, alongside ethical and regulatory considerations.
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Declarations. Conflict of interest: Marc Evans is an Editor-in-Chief of Diabetes Therapy. Marc Evans was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. W. David Strain is an Editorial Board member of Diabetes Therapy. W. David Strain was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Kevin Fernando, Derek Connolly, Eimear Darcy, William Hinchliffe and Patrick Holmes have nothing to declare. Ethical approval: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Authorship: All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole and have given their approval for this version to be published.
