The Potential Role and Therapeutic Relevance of Cellular Senescence in Skeletal Pathophysiology

Feb 2, 2024The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences

How Aging Cells Might Affect Bone and Muscle Diseases and Their Treatment

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Abstract

Chronic cellular senescence is associated with the disruption of bone homeostasis and promotion of age-related disorders.

Cellular senescence is a key feature of biological aging that affects bone health.
Acute cellular senescence may support growth and tissue regeneration.
Chronic cellular senescence is driven by the accumulation of senescent cells and the release of harmful substances known as SASP.
SASP can lead to immune dysfunction, unresolved inflammation, and weakened adaptive immunity in the bone marrow.
The roles of senescent cells and SASP in bone disease are not yet fully understood.
Emerging therapies targeting senescent cells and SASP, such as senolytics and senomorphics, are being developed for age-related bone diseases.

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Biological aging profoundly impairs the homeostasis of the skeletal system. Cellular senescence, a hallmark of biological aging, plays an instrumental role in bone disease. The underlying mechanisms of cellular senescence, triggered by both intracellular and extracellular stimuli, are multifaceted and yet to be uncovered. Recent research indicates that acute cellular senescence often serves beneficial roles, such as contributing to growth, development, and tissue regeneration. By contrast, chronic cellular senescence, primarily driven by the accumulation of senescent cells (SnCs) and the release of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP), has detrimental effects on the skeletal system by irreversibly disrupting bone homeostasis and promoting age-related disorders. Furthermore, the bone marrow is rich in immune cells and their exposure to SASP often leads to immune dysfunction, resulting in unresolved chronic inflammation and compromised adaptive immunity. Until now, the impact of SnCs and SASP on the skeleton has remained elusive. Meanwhile, extensive efforts are being made to combat age-related diseases through various strategies. Among them, SnCs and SASP are the primary targets for antiaging therapeutic clearance, resulting in the development of "senolytics" and "senomorphics," respectively. In this review, we summarize and highlight the role of SnCs and SASP in skeletal pathophysiology, the mechanism of cellular senescence in affecting bone metabolism, and potential therapeutic approaches, particularly senolytics and senomorphics, in treating cellular senescence-related bone diseases.

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The Potential Role and Therapeutic Relevance of Cellular Senescence in Skeletal Pathophysiology

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