In a study of 1,047 Japanese adults, associations between behaviors and diet quality or obesity varied significantly based on dietary assessment methods.
Questionnaire data indicated that higher snack and total eating frequencies, along with later eating times, were linked to lower diet quality.
Positive associations were observed between meal, snack, and total eating frequencies and the prevalence of obesity, especially after adjusting for .
Diary data showed no consistent associations between chrononutrition behaviors and diet quality or obesity, except for specific eating times on workdays.
The impact of dietary assessment methodology on findings highlights the need to consider energy intake misreporting in chrononutrition studies.
Simplified
BACKGROUND: Inconsistent epidemiologic findings on the associations of behaviors with diet quality and adiposity measures may be due to the use of different dietary assessment methodologies and a lack of consideration of dietary misreporting. We aimed to investigate the associations by using questionnaires and diaries, with adjustment for energy intake (EI) misreporting.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1047 Japanese adults aged 20-69 years. We used the Chrono-Nutrition Behavior Questionnaire (CNBQ) or 11-day diaries to assess chrononutrition behaviors (meal frequency, snack frequency, total eating frequency, timing of first eating occasion, timing of last eating occasion, duration of eating window, and eating midpoint) for workdays and non-workdays separately. Eating jetlag was defined as the eating midpoint difference between workdays and non-workdays. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2020, based on the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ) or 4-day weighed food diaries. EI misreporting was evaluated using the Goldberg cut-off principle.
RESULTS: Using questionnaire data (CNBQ and MDHQ), we found inverse associations of snack and total eating frequencies, timing of last eating occasion, eating midpoint, and eating jetlag with diet quality (P < 0.05), irrespective of adjustment for EI misreporting. Also, we found positive associations of meal, snack, and total eating frequencies and duration of eating window with the prevalence of general obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m), abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for males; ≥ 80 cm for females), or both; many of these associations were only evident (P < 0.05) after adjustment for EI misreporting. In contrast, using diary data, we found no associations between chrononutrition behaviors and diet quality, general obesity, or abdominal obesity, regardless of adjustment for EI misreporting (except for inverse associations of timings of first and last eating occasions and eating midpoint on workdays with diet quality). 2
CONCLUSIONS: The associations of chrononutrition behaviors with diet quality and obesity were dependent on the methodology used to assess these behaviors. Adjustment for EI misreporting radically changed only the associations with obesity in the questionnaire-based analysis. These findings suggest the importance of careful consideration of dietary assessment method selection and EI misreporting in chrononutrition research.
Key numbers
25.6%
Prevalence of General Obesity
Percentage of participants with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m
31.1%
Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity
Percentage of participants with waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for males; ≥ 80 cm for females
1047 participants
Sample Size
Total number of Japanese adults aged 20-69 included in the study
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Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine (protocol code: 2022235NI; date of approval: 24 November 2022). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
