Archives of insect biochemistry and physiologyJul 12, 2008

Mapping the cell network controlling daily rhythms in two cockroach species

Circadian Biology Weekly Brief ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗

Updated Apr 4, 2026

Abstract

The German cockroach and the double-striped cockroach have similar distributions of clock-related proteins but exhibit distinct locomotion rhythms.

Both species show clusters of Period (PER) protein-immunoreactive cells in the central nervous system, with three major cells located in the optic lobes.
The potential output signal of the circadian clock, Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), is co-localized with PER in these cells.
Only two Corazonin (CRZ) protein-immunoreactive cells are identified in the optic lobes, and they do not co-localize with PER or PDF cells.
The circadian rhythm for locomotion suggests that signals from both major optic lobe clocks are integrated through PDF axons.
The presence of neurosecretary characteristics in certain PER-ir cells indicates a potential endocrine role in circadian control.
Differences in locomotion between the two species may be linked to genetic factors downstream of the clock-related proteins.

Simplified

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, and the double-striped cockroach, B. bisignata, are sibling species with a similar period sequence but a distinctive circadian rhythm in locomotion. The cell distribution of immunoreactivity (ir) against three clock-related proteins, Period (PER), Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), and Corazonin (CRZ), was compared between the species. The PER-ir cells tend to form clusters and are sprayed out in the central nervous system. Three major PER-ir cells are located in the optic lobes, which are the sites of the major circadian clock. They are interconnected with PER-ir axon bundles. Interestingly, the potential output signal of the circadian clock, PDF, is co-localized with PER in all three groups of cells. However, only two CRZ-ir cells and their axons are found in the optic lobes and they are not co-localized with PER-ir or PDF-ir cells and axons. Since only one circadian rhythm is expressed in locomotion, the time signals from both major clocks in optic lobes are coupled by connection with PDF-ir axons. A group of 3-4 PER-ir cells in the protocerebrum display typical characteristics of neurosecretary cells. In addition, there are numerous, small PER-ir and PDF-ir co-localized cells in the pars intercerebralis (PI), which have direct connections with the neurohemoorgan, corpora cardiaca, through PER-ir and PDF-ir axons. Based on these findings, the cellular connection shows a circadian control through the endocrine route. For the rest of central nervous system, only a few PER-ir and PDF-ir cells or axons are detected. This finding implies the circadian clock for locomotion is not located in subesophageal ganglion, thoracic or abdominal ganglia, but may use other neural messengers to pass on circadian signals. Since the overall distribution pattern of the clock cells are the same for B. germanica and B. bisignata, the possible explanation for the different expressions of locomotion between the species depends on genes downstream of per, pdf, and crz.

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Mapping the cell network controlling daily rhythms in two cockroach species

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