Circadian neurogenetics and its implications in neurophysiology, behavior, and chronomedicine

Dec 24, 2023Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

How Body Clocks Genes Affect Brain Function, Behavior, and Time-Based Medicine

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Abstract

Circadian rhythms may influence drug efficacy and toxicity by regulating how target cells respond at different times of day.

Circadian rhythm disruptions are linked to various disease-related pathways.
Genetic studies have identified human clock gene variants associated with brain disorders.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythms could enhance the treatment of neurophysiological and behavioral processes.
Dietary factors and medications can impact human circadian rhythms.
Advocacy for chronomedicine emphasizes the importance of timing in medical treatments.

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The circadian rhythm affects multiple physiological processes, and disruption of the circadian system can be involved in a range of disease-related pathways. The genetic underpinnings of the circadian rhythm have been well-studied in model organisms. Significant progress has been made in understanding how clock genes affect the physiological functions of the nervous system. In addition, circadian timing is becoming a key factor in improving drug efficacy and reducing drug toxicity. The circadian biology of the target cell determines how the organ responds to the drug at a specific time of day, thus regulating pharmacodynamics. The current review brings together recent advances that have begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms of how the circadian clock affects neurophysiological and behavioral processes associated with human brain diseases. We start with a brief description of how the ubiquitous circadian rhythms are regulated at the genetic, cellular, and neural circuit levels, based on knowledge derived from extensive research on model organisms. We then summarize the latest findings from genetic studies of human brain disorders, focusing on the role of human clock gene variants in these diseases. Lastly, we discuss the impact of common dietary factors and medications on human circadian rhythms and advocate for a broader application of the concept of chronomedicine.

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Circadian neurogenetics and its implications in neurophysiology, behavior, and chronomedicine

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