Circadian rhythms in adaptive immunity

Dec 15, 2019Immunology

Daily rhythms in the body's adaptive immune response

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Abstract

The circadian clock influences the adaptive immune response, which is important for conditions like multiple sclerosis and asthma.

Molecular clocks in immune cells may dictate how these cells respond to external signals throughout the day.
Initial findings suggest the circadian clock affects the innate immune system and has a significant role in the adaptive immune response.
The timing of vaccination could be critical in optimizing the effectiveness of the adaptive immune response.
Diseases such as multiple sclerosis, asthma, and parasitic infections may be linked to disruptions in circadian rhythms within the immune system.

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The circadian clock provides organisms with the ability to track time of day, allowing them to predict and respond to cyclical changes in the external environment. In mammals this clock consists of multiple auto-regulatory feedback loops generated by a network of circadian clock proteins. This network provides the fundamental basis for rhythms in behaviour and physiology. This clockwork machinery exists in most cells, including those of the immune system. In recent years evidence has emerged highlighting the important role of molecular clocks in dictating the response of immune pathways. While initial work highlighted the effect of the clock in the 'first line of defence', the innate immune system, it has become increasingly apparent that it also plays a role in the more tailored, later-stage adaptive immune response. This review provides an overview of the role of the circadian cycle in the adaptive immune response. We interrogate the depth of knowledge on cell intrinsic clocks within adaptive immune cells and how these cells may be temporally directed by extrinsic rhythmic signals. We discuss the role of the circadian clock in diseases associated with adaptive immunity such as multiple sclerosis, asthma and parasitic infection. We also discuss the current knowledge on timing of vaccination, and the implications this may have on how we can harness and modulate temporal gating of the adaptive immune response in a clinical setting.

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Circadian rhythms in adaptive immunity

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