The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for NeuroscienceJan 5, 2002

Daily biological rhythms in individual brain areas

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Updated Apr 5, 2026

Abstract

Fourteen of the 27 brain areas examined exhibited rhythmic Per1 expression patterns.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is known as the master circadian pacemaker, but extra-SCN oscillators may also exist.
While many brain areas showed no rhythmic patterns, significant rhythmicity was observed in specific regions like the pineal and pituitary glands.
Rhythmic expression in the pineal and pituitary persisted for over 3 days in culture, peaking during the subjective night.
Certain areas, including the olfactory bulb and ventral hypothalamus, displayed rhythmicity with peak expression at night.
After adjusting the light cycle by 6 hours, the pineal and hypothalamic nuclei modified their rhythmic phases with varying speeds.
These findings suggest the presence of multiple circadian oscillators in the brain that may help synchronize brain activity with light changes.

Simplified

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus has been referred to as the master circadian pacemaker that drives daily rhythms in behavior and physiology. There is, however, evidence for extra-SCN circadian oscillators. Neural tissues cultured from rats carrying the Per-luciferase transgene were used to monitor the intrinsic Per1 expression patterns in different brain areas and their response to changes in the light cycle. Although many Per-expressing brain areas were arrhythmic in culture, 14 of the 27 areas examined were rhythmic. The pineal and pituitary glands both expressed rhythms that persisted for >3 d in vitro, with peak expression during the subjective night. Nuclei in the olfactory bulb and the ventral hypothalamus expressed rhythmicity with peak expression at night, whereas other brain areas were either weakly rhythmic and peaked at night, or arrhythmic. After a 6 hr advance or delay in the light cycle, the pineal, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and arcuate nucleus each adjusted the phase of their rhythmicity with different kinetics. Together, these results indicate that the brain contains multiple, damped circadian oscillators outside the SCN. The phasing of these oscillators to one another may play a critical role in coordinating brain activity and its adjustment to changes in the light cycle.

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Daily biological rhythms in individual brain areas

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