The Role of the Circadian System in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Nov 13, 2021Advances in experimental medicine and biology

How the Body’s Internal Clock May Relate to ADHD

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Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with alterations in circadian processes, including later chronotype and delayed sleep phase.

ADHD is characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
High levels of sleep disturbance are frequently observed in individuals with ADHD.
The relationship between sleep disturbances and ADHD symptoms is not yet clearly defined.
Possible mechanisms linking ADHD and sleep disturbances involve circadian rhythm modulation.
Chronotherapy may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for ADHD.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterised by the core symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Similar to many other neuropsychiatric conditions, ADHD is associated with very high levels of sleep disturbance. However, it is not clear whether such sleep disturbances are precursors to, or symptoms of, ADHD. Neither is it clear through which mechanisms sleep and ADHD are linked. One possible link is via modulation of circadian rhythms. In this chapter we overview the evidence that ADHD is associated with alterations in circadian processes, manifesting as later chronotype and delayed sleep phase in ADHD, and examine some mechanisms that may lead to such changes. We also interrogate how the circadian clock may be a substrate for therapeutic intervention in ADHD (chronotherapy) and highlight important new questions to be addressed to move the field forward.

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The Role of the Circadian System in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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