Background/Objectives: Gut dysbiosis in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with alterations in microbial ecology and metabolic function that may contribute to gastrointestinal dysfunction and the severity of clinical manifestations. Synbiotic and probiotic supplementation has emerged as a promising microbiome-targeted strategy for ASD; however, its effects on gut microbiome composition, functional potential, and clinical outcomes remain incompletely understood. We conducted a longitudinal study of Mexican children diagnosed with ASD to analyze changes in the composition, diversity, and functional potential of the gut microbiome during six months of multi-strain synbiotic supplementation. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 25 children with ASD at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of multi-strain synbiotic supplementation. Gut microbiome composition and diversity were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whereas whole metagenome sequencing (WMS) was performed in a subset of samples to evaluate the functional potential of the fecal microbiome. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed using the Rome IV criteria, and ASD severity was evaluated with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results: Twenty-five children with ASD completed the 6 months of synbiotic supplementation. Overall, ASD severity decreased, reflected by a reduction in total CARS score, and improvements in several CARS domains. Gastrointestinal symptoms also decreased significantly. Longitudinal microbiome profiling revealed significant taxonomic and diversity changes over the supplementation period, while WMS identified changes in microbial metabolic potential, including enrichment of tryptophan biosynthesis pathways and reduced L-rhamnose degradation. Conclusions: This exploratory research provides proof-of-concept evidence supporting multi-strain synbiotic supplementation in children with ASD. Larger controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify their relevance to microbiota-gut-brain axis interactions. The observed concordance between clinical improvements and microbiome remodeling supports further investigation of microbiome-targeted interventions according to ASD severity and duration of supplementation.
Gut-Brain Axis