Translational psychiatryJul 1, 2026

Clock gene pattern predicts insomnia and relates to sleep and body clock measures

Circadian Biology Weekly Brief ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗OA ↗

Updated Jul 2, 2026

Abstract

Chronic insomnia patients exhibited elevated cortisol levels before sleep and significant alterations in clock gene expression.

Patients with chronic insomnia showed reduced body temperature rhythms compared to controls.
Significant changes were observed in clock gene expression, particularly in BMAL1, PER1-2, REV-ERBα, and REV-ERBβ.
Most gene expression alterations were more pronounced in patients with insomnia characterized by short sleep duration.
Associations were found between clock gene expression and sleep-related measures, including Insomnia Severity Index scores.
Machine learning identified three clock genes as potential biomarkers that distinguish chronic insomnia from controls and differentiate between insomnia subtypes.

Simplified

Chronic Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder that remains difficult to diagnose due to subjective symptoms and heterogeneous presentations. The most severe form, insomnia with short sleep duration (ISSD), is defined by a total sleep time of less than six hours on polysomnography. However, objective assessments are rarely recommended in diagnostic guidelines, highlighting the need for alternative biomarkers. Disruptions in the circadian clock system may contribute to chronic insomnia, though the extent of these effects remains unclear. In this study, we investigate sleep and circadian rhythm-related alterations in chronic insomnia and its subtypes, ISSD and insomnia with normal sleep duration (INSD), by assessing plasma cortisol, wrist and axillary temperature, and clock gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, we use machine learning to identify the most relevant clock genes for detecting insomnia and classifying its subtypes. Chronic insomnia patients exhibited reduced body temperature rhythms, elevated cortisol levels during wake before sleep, and significant alterations in clock gene expression, including in BMAL1, PER1-2, REV-ERBα, and REV-ERBβ, compared to controls. Most alterations were more significant in the ISSD group. Moreover, associations between clock gene expression, sleep-related parameters and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores were identified. Using machine learning, we identified three genes as sensitive biomarkers distinguishing chronic insomnia from controls and differentiating between ISSD and INSD subtypes. Our findings suggest that circadian markers and machine learning could improve understanding of chronic insomnia and aid biomarker discovery for diagnosis.

Full Text

Full text is available at the source.

View Full Text ↗

Featured in

Circadian BiologyIssue #44

Sleeping late on weekends is independently linked to higher cardiovascular disease risk

↗

Clock gene pattern predicts insomnia and relates to sleep and body clock measures

Abstract

Full Text

Featured in

You found one interesting study. We’ll send the next 7.

what lands in your inbox each week:

Recent issues from the circadian biology brief