Coffee consumption in relation to circadian syndrome in US population: a cross-sectional study

May 1, 2026Nutrition journal

Coffee drinking linked to circadian syndrome in the US population

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Abstract

Participants consuming one to two cups of coffee per day had a significant reduction in circadian syndrome (CircS) risk, with an odds ratio of 0.976.

Coffee consumption is linked to lower odds of CircS compared to non-consumers.
A decrease in CircS-related components was observed among coffee drinkers.
Age, education level, and family income influenced the relationship between coffee consumption and CircS.
Coffee intake was associated with lower levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
The negative relationship between coffee consumption and CircS was partially mediated by reduced ALP levels.

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BACKGROUND: Circadian syndrome (CircS) was recently proposed and referred to several common chronic diseases that showed a tight association with circadian disruption.

METHODS: This study included 15,594 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2003-2020. Survey-weight regression was used to examine the relationship between coffee consumption and CircS in the US population. Potential confounders were adjusted in the analysis. Mediation analysis was conducted to explore the mediating role of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the above relationship.

RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment, participants with coffee consumption between one and two cups/day had significant reductions in CircS (OR: 0.976 with 95% CI: 0.960, 0.992) and CircS-related components (β: -0.121 with 95% CI: -0.184, -0.058) compared with those did not consumed coffee. Age, education level, and the ratio of family income to poverty showed interaction with coffee consumption on CircS and/or its components (P< 0.05). The negative association between coffee consumption and ALP was observed (P< 0.05), and the relationship between coffee consumption and CircS and its components was significantly mediated by decreased ALP with 13.4% and 26.9% mediation proportion, respectively. interaction trend

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, coffee consumption was negatively associated with the risk of CircS and CircS-related components among the US population, and the associations were modified by age, education level, and household income but mediated by decreased serum ALP.

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Coffee consumption in relation to circadian syndrome in US population: a cross-sectional study

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