Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaJan 7, 2026

Combined antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatment reduces lasting brain problems in mice after COVID-19 infection

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Updated Jun 27, 2026

Abstract

Essence

In SARS-CoV-2-infected mice, adding corticosteroids to antivirals early after infection nearly restored persistent neurological deficits that antivirals alone minimally prevented.

Evidence

Preclinical mouse infection study followed neurological dysfunction for at least 120 days, compared antiviral therapy with combined antiviral-corticosteroid therapy, and related mouse brain findings to COVID-19 deceased patient tissue.

Caveat

The treatment evidence is from a virulent nonneurotropic mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model, while the human evidence is postmortem similarity rather than a patient treatment trial.

Simplified

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) encompasses persistent neurological disease, including olfactory and cognitive dysfunction. The basis for this dysfunction is poorly understood. Here, we report neurological dysfunction for at least 120 d postinfection in mice infected with a virulent nonneurotropic mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2. Long after recovery from nasal infection, we observed diminished tyrosine hydroxylase expression in olfactory bulb glomeruli and in substantia nigra. Similar changes were observed in brains of COVID-19 deceased patients. Vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in these brain areas was accompanied by increased proinflammatory cytokines, and neurobehavioral changes. RNAseq analysis unveiled persistent microglia activation, similar to human neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment with antivirals (nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir) at the time of infection minimally prevented neurological abnormalities, consistent with patient data. In contrast, antivirals plus corticosteroids resulted in nearly complete recovery of neurological function. Remarkably, initiation of combined therapy even three days after infection improved outcomes. Together these results demonstrate that neurological dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice resembles human neurodegenerative disease and indicate that minimizing inflammation early after SARS-CoV-2 infection may be critical for decreasing neurological PASC. The requirement for decreasing inflammation soon after infection may also explain why antiviral therapy has had inconsistent effects in patients.

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Combined antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatment reduces lasting brain problems in mice after COVID-19 infection

Abstract

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