Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen associated with high mortality rates, especially among vulnerable populations, and therefore requires diagnostic methods that are not only highly sensitive and rapid but also suitable for use in resource-limited settings. In this study, we developed an isothermal amplification assay integrated with a lateral flow test (LFT) for reliable detection of L.monocytogenes. Two assay formats were designed and compared: (1) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with LFT detection of fluorescein- and biotin-labeled amplicons, and (2) LAMP combined with CRISPR/Cas12a, using LFT to detect a cleaved fork-shaped enhanced probe labeled with three fluoresceins. Both LFT formats utilized a common conjugate of gold nanoparticles and anti-fluorescein antibodies (anti-FAM), but differed in the test zone immobilization strategy: streptavidin for LAMP, and anti-FAM for LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a. Among 12 tested (primer - label) combinations, the most effective was identified, but the sensitivity of the LAMP-LFT format was limited by high signal variability. In contrast, the LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a assay, targeting LAMP amplicons with guide RNA, achieved a detection limit of 0.9 copies/reaction-representing > 20,000-fold improvement in detectable DNA concentration compared with LAMP-LFT-and comparable to fluorescence-based detection techniques. The LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a-LFT assay was first reported to detect L.monocytogenes cells following thermal lysis (10 min at 95 °C), with a single-cell detection limit (0.2 cells/reaction in buffer, 1 cells/reaction in spiked milk) and an analysis time of 80 min. These results demonstrate the potential of the approach for sensitive, equipment-free detection of foodborne pathogens in complex food matrices.
