In Long COVID, depressive symptoms were closely tied to poorer functional capacity and explained part of that relationship over time.
Evidence
This observational PERCEIVE cohort study recruited 1794 people cross-sectionally and 461 longitudinally, using self-reported and data, and found depression mediated 36% of the symptom-severity link and 51% of the link with reduced function.
Caveat
Because participants were recruited through online advertisements and symptoms, depression, and function were self-reported in an observational design, mediation here does not establish causation.
Simplified
BACKGROUND: In patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (), depression has been associated with symptom severity, the duration since infection and ongoing functional impairment. However, the interconnections between these factors remain inadequately understood.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the roles of depressive symptoms in moderating and mediating the relationships between post-COVID-19 conditions and functional capacity.
METHODS: The PERCEIVE study recruited 1794 participants from Victoria and Tasmania through online advertisements based on possible PASC for a cross-sectional study. Of these, 461 participated in the longitudinal study. Post-COVID-19 duration and symptoms were recorded, and depressive symptoms and functional capacity were self-reported using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Duke Activity Status Index (), respectively. The association of depression with functional capacity was explored using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, with companion OLS models, Sobel-Goodman tests and 1000 bootstrap iterations to assess mediation. Longitudinal data were analysed to assess changes in functional capacity and depressive symptoms over time, with mediation analysis using mixed models to explore depression as a mediator.
RESULTS: Participants had a mean DASI score of 35 (SD 21). Fatigue (18%), shortness of breath (11%) and chest pain (6%) were common symptoms, with severe depression linked to fatigue (93%) and shortness of breath (66%). The severity of post-COVID-19 symptoms was associated with severe depression (β=6.31, 95% CI 5.42 to 7.21) and reduced functional capacity (β=-6.40, 95% CI -9.20 to -3.61), with depression mediating 36% of the association between post-COVID-19 symptom severity and functional capacity. PASC was associated with higher depression scores (β=2.06, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.97) and lower functional capacity (β=-3.99, 95% CI -6.21 to -1.77), with depression mediating 51% of the association between PASC and reduced functional capacity. The longitudinal analysis suggested that depression is associated with the relationship between PASC and changes in functional capacity over time (unstandardised estimate=-5.16, p<0.001).
CONCLUSION: Depression plays a key role in exacerbating post-COVID-19 functional impairment. This observation underscores the need for targeted physical and mental health interventions to enhance long-term recovery for those with severe conditions.
Key numbers
36%
Mediation Effect of on Symptom Severity
Percentage of mediation effect attributed to .
51%
Mediation Effect of on
Percentage of mediation effect attributed to .
35
Mean
Average score on the Duke Activity Status Index.
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