Dietary Practices Adopted by Track-and-Field Athletes: Gluten-Free, Low FODMAP, Vegetarian, and Fasting

Jan 12, 2019International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism

Diet Choices of Track-and-Field Athletes: Gluten-Free, Low FODMAP, Vegetarian, and Fasting

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Abstract

Four prevalent diets are reviewed, including gluten-free, low FODMAP, vegetarian, and fasting diets.

No direct benefits have been linked to gluten avoidance for clinically healthy athletes.
A gluten-free diet may lead to other dietary changes that could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms.
Vegetarian diets can meet the nutritional needs of athletes if energy and specific nutrient intake are managed properly.
Voluntary fasting remains popular among athletes, although supporting research is limited.
Strict fasting may necessitate personalized nutrition strategies to address athletic demands.
Education from a qualified dietitian/nutritionist is recommended to help athletes manage their dietary choices effectively.

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Some track-and-field athletes implement special diets aiming to improve health and/or performance. An evidence-based approach to any diet is recommended to minimize the risks associated with unnecessary dietary restriction, which may potentially do more harm than good. Four prevalent diets are reviewed in this study: (a) gluten-free; (b) low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP); (c) vegetarian; and (d) fasting diets. Recently, gluten-free diets and low FODMAP diets have emerged as novel regimes thought to improve gastrointestinal health and reduce the risk of exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. No direct beneficial outcomes have been associated with avoiding gluten for clinically healthy athletes. Indirectly, a gluten-free diet is associated with other dietary changes, particularly FODMAP reduction, which may improve adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Vegetarian diets can optimally support athletic demands. However, attention is required to ensure adequate energy and intake of specific nutrients that are less abundant or less well absorbed from plant sources. Finally, fasting is a long-standing concept that is undertaken on a voluntary and obligatory basis. Despite limited supporting research, voluntary fasting is a popular alternative to conventional diets perceptually offering health and body composition benefits. Strict obligatory fasting guidelines likely require the implementation of tailored nutrition strategies to help athletes cope with athletic demands. Overall, a multitude of factors influence adherence to special diets. Even when adherence to a special diet is a necessity, education and advice from an accredited dietitian/nutritionist are recommended for track-and-field athletes to optimize nutrition for health and performance.

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Dietary Practices Adopted by Track-and-Field Athletes: Gluten-Free, Low FODMAP, Vegetarian, and Fasting

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