What this is
- This research investigates the effects of () on pubertal rats with ().
- is a common reproductive disorder that can lead to various health issues, including infertility.
- The study examines how influences metabolic indicators and hormonal levels in a rat model of .
- Findings suggest that may help regulate () and levels, potentially improving symptoms of .
Essence
- improves estrous cycle disorders and ovarian morphology in pubertal rats with by regulating and levels. Sham acupuncture also shows some effects, indicating overlapping mechanisms.
Key takeaways
- significantly improved estrous cycle disorders and ovarian morphology compared to sham acupuncture in pubertal rats. This suggests may be more effective in addressing structural ovarian changes.
- Serum levels of and insulin increased in rats, while levels decreased. treatment reversed these trends, indicating a potential therapeutic role in metabolic regulation.
- Both and sham acupuncture reduced levels, but only improved ovarian morphology. This highlights the importance of specific acupuncture techniques in managing symptoms.
Caveats
- The study's findings are based on a rat model, which may not fully replicate human . Further research is needed to confirm these results in human subjects.
- Sham acupuncture showed some effects, suggesting that the benefits of may involve non-specific factors such as the physical touch or stimulation of dermatomes.
Definitions
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A common reproductive disorder characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries.
- Electroacupuncture (EA): A form of acupuncture that involves the application of electrical stimulation to acupuncture needles.
- Neuropeptide Y (NPY): A neuropeptide involved in regulating energy balance, appetite, and reproductive functions.
- Ghrelin: An orexigenic hormone primarily produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite and inhibits GnRH secretion.
Simplified
Introduction
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive disease, leading to endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, and infertility in women. Patients with PCOS usually seek medical attention during their childbearing years due to infertility. However, most patients also show obvious clinical symptoms in adolescence [1], such as hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and metabolic disorders. The etiology and pathogenesis of pubertal PCOS are not clearly understood.
The elevated luteinizing hormone(LH) pulse frequency, increased hypothalamic kisspeptin levels and increased activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neural network are typical characteristics among women with PCOS [2–5]. Meanwhile, GnRH neuronal network generates pulse and surge modes of gonadotropin secretion critical for puberty [6]. Girls treated with GnRH analog drugs (GNRHa) have a significantly increased risk of PCOS during adolescence [7]. Pubertal rats with PCOS showed neuroendocrine dysfunction, characterized by hypersecretion of LH and kisspeptin and elevated release of GnRH from hypothalamus [8]. Therefore, abnormalities of the kisspeptin/GnRH system may be fundamental contributors to the mechanism of pubertal PCOS. This elevated hypothalamic GnRH output is likely to stem in part from changed of the metabolic state of the body. Neuropeptide Y(NPY), ghrelin(GHRL), galanin (GAL) and galanin-like peptide (GALP) have been proposed to be the candidates conveying metabolic status to the GnRH neuronal network in animals. Based on kisspeptin/GnRH system, we studied the changes of these metabolic molecules in pubertal PCOS.
NPY, known as an orexigenic neuropeptide, is strongly implicated in linking metabolic cues with fertility regulation [9]. NPY was observed to be increased continuously from birth to the time of vaginal opening, and a surge in portal levels of NPY which preceded the prepubertal LH surge [10]. After NPY treatment of rhesus monkey hypothalamic culture, GnRH increased 20–30 minutes later [11]. Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, is mainly produced by stomach and released to circulation. However, ghrelin was found to be also expressed in hypothalamus and inhibit GnRH secretion [12]. GAL, synthesized by a subgroup of GnRH neurons in hypothalamus [13], is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Research has shown that GAL could directly stimulate LH secretion at the pituitary level and enhance GnRH stimulated LH secretion [14, 15]. GALP is a recently identified hypothalamic peptide, localized in the arcuate nucleus(ARC), which seems to stimulate hypothalamus and GT1-7 cells (a GnRH neuron cell line) to release GnRH [16]. Levels of circulating GAL during puberty have been discovered to be significantly higher than those in pre-puberty in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, while levels of ghrelin were significantly lower [17]. Central GALP treatment has been able to rescue the onset of puberty in food-restricted weanling rats [18]. These suggest involvement of NPY, GHRL, GAL and GALP in reproductive development and the onset of puberty.
Abnormal metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, are found to be closely related to PCOS and appear during puberty. In several studies, abnormal expressions of metabolic molecules (for example, the higher level of NPY and GAL, whereas the lower ghrelin levels) have been found in patients with PCOS [19–21]. However, how those metabolic molecules change in adolescent PCOS is still unknown.
Electroacupuncture (EA) has a benign regulating effect on neuroendocrine levels in organs. A more recent meta-analysis indicated that acupuncture might have the potential to restore hormone levels in PCOS animal models [22]. Repeated low-frequency EA inhibited the expression of GnRH and NPY in the hypothalamus of early adolescent Sprague Dawley (SD) female rats [23]. It has also been reported that EA can inhibit the secretion of GnRH and the expression of androgen receptors in the hypothalamus of PCOS rats [24]. However, there is little research on the effect of EA on PCOS in puberty. The aim of this study was to investigate the alteration of metabolic molecules in adolescent PCOS and whether EA plays a role in pubertal PCOS through the modulation of these metabolic molecules.
Materials and methods
Animals and ethics statement
Female SD rats weighting 250 g and male SD rats weighing 300 g were purchased from Beijing Weitonglihua Experimental Animal Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China (Animal certificate: SCXK no. 2016–0006). All rats were fed ad libitum in experimental animal center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Demonstration of Laboratory Animal Facilities in Hubei Province, SYXK 2016–0057). Animal care and experimental procedures comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and were performed in accordance with the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986 and associated guidelines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments (IACUC no. 2298).
Female rats were mated with males. From the 16th day to the 19th day of gestation, the rats were injected once a day subcutaneously with 0.3 ml sesame oil (Lot no. 1612426-2X12MG, Sigma, Germany), containing 3 mg 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT, lot no. SZBD263XV, Sigma, Germany). Method of establishing the puberal PCOS rat model is shown in Fig 1.
Process of establishing the puberal PCOS rats model.
Vaginal smears and estrous cycle determination
The estrous cycles of the female rats were determined by saline vaginal smears. The female offspring of androgenized pregnant rats were smeared at 8:00 am from the 29th day to the 49th day. The stage of the estrous cycle was defined by the predominant cell type [25]. Estrous cycles are mainly divided into four stages including the proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. Each stage is marked by the presence of different types of cells: proestrus by nucleated epithelial cells; estrus by keratinized acetous epithelial cells; metestrus by nucleated epithelial cells, keratinized acetous epithelial cells, and leukocytes; and diestrus by a large number of leukocytes. The PCOS model rats were characterized by disorders of the estrous cycle and prolonged diestrus because of the fact that when compared with the normal (N) group, the percentage of rats at estrus and proestrus was lower and the percentage of rats at diestrus was higher (Table 1).
| Group | 学N | M | EA业生 | SA |
| Proestrus(%) | 22.02 ±2.69 | 11.31 ±1.79 001 | 13.10 ±1.19 | 11.90 ±1.80 |
| Estrus(%) | 19.05 ±1.27 | 13.69 ±1.40 | 17.86±1.49 * | 18.45±1.40 * |
| Mestestrus(%) | 19.05 ±2.54 | 15.48±1.96 001 | 13.69±1.40 | 18.45±2.45 |
| Diestrus(%) | 39.88 ±5.00 | 59.52±3.92 001 | 54.76±2.84 | 51.19±3.45 |
Experimental design and electroacupuncture administration
The modeled PCOS rats were randomly divided into four groups: the PCOS model group (M), the electroacupuncture group (EA), the sham acupuncture group (SA), and the normal group (N). The female offspring of normal female rats that were not injected with DHT were placed in the normal group.
In our previous work, we have revealed that EA at sanyinjiao (SP6), zusanli (ST36), and qihai (CV6) all can improve the disturbed estrous cycles and ovarian polycystic morphological changes of PCOS rats [8] (Table 1, Fig 2). Therefore, the bilateral acupoints SP6, ST36 and CV6 were chosen in the EA group. Acupoint location refers to “A new attempt of re-mapping acupoint atlas in the rat” by Xu et al. [26]. The methods for EA and SA treatment refer to the previous research [8]. The details are as follows: Disposable, sterilized, stainless steel needles (Size: 0.16 x 25 mm; lot no. 491226; Wuxi Jiajian Medical Instrument, Wuxi, China) were inserted into those acupoints. The needles were connected to an electrical stimulator (Schwa-Medico GmbH, Ehringshausen, Germany), and the rats were then stimulated with EA at a low frequency of 2 Hz with a 0.3 ms pulse length and a 2-mA current, leading to gentle muscle quivering. The stimulation was repeated for 25 minutes once a day, five times a week, for two weeks from the 36th to the 49th day after birth.
In the SA group, the needling points were four non-acupoints. Two points were bilaterally three inches away from the guanyuan point (CV4). The other two points were bilaterally in the middle between ST36 and yanglingquan (GB34) points. Disposable, sterilized, stainless steel needles (size: 0.16 × 25 mm; lot no. 491226; Wuxi Jiajian Medical Instrument, Wuxi, China) were inserted subcutaneously to a depth of <5 mm and connected to an electrical stimulator (Schwa-Medico GmbH, Ehringshausen, Germany) but without increasing the intensity. The intervention period was the same as for the EA group.
The rats in the normal control group and the model group were fixed with special cloth bags for 25 minutes every day without any needling. Interventions for these groups took place five times a week for two weeks from the 36th to the 49th day after birth.
Morphological changes in rat ovarian tissues in the N, M, EA, and SA groups. N, normal group; M, model group; EA, electroacupuncture group; SA, sham acupuncture group; CL: Corpus luteum; Arrow: Cystic follicle.
Sample collecting
All the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after deep anesthesia with 1% pentobarbital sodium 0.3 mL/kg via intraperitoneal injection and blood samples were collected via the abdominal aorta on the 49th day. Brain, ovary and pancreas tissues were collected for analysis by western blot and RT-PCR testing. Brain tissues from a sample of rats were perfused with paraformaldehyde, and frozen sections were used in immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence detection procedures.
Ovarian morphology
The ovaries were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and then cut longitudinally and consecutively into 4 μm slices. As in previous study [8], after every tenth slice, the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and placed under an optical microscope so that their morphology could be observed. Our previous study shows [8] that the ovarian tissues displayed cystic follicles of different sizes, a reduced number of antral follicles and corpora lutea as well as an increase in the number of follicles undergoing atresia which performed nuclear pyknosis and reduced granulosa cell layer in the PCOS model rat (Fig 2).
Determination of the serum levels of metabolic indicators
After fasting for 12 hours, the rats’ fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured with a glucose meter (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The serum levels of insulin (Catalog no. 80-INSRT-E01, ALPCO, USA), GHRL (Catalog no. EIAR-GHR-1, Raybiotech, USA) and NPY (Catalog no. EIAR-NPY-1, Raybiotech, USA) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.
Western blotting
Hypothalamic tissues were dissolved in a RIPA solution containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Extracted protein samples were loaded onto an 8%–15% SDS polyacrylamide gel for electrophoresis and transferred onto PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% non-fat milk at room temperature for 1 h, the membranes were incubated by primary antibodies (kisspeptin, catalog no. ab19028, Abcam, Cambridge, UK; GAL, catalog no. A1991, ABclonal, China; GALP, catalog no. A17445, ABclonal, China; GHRL, catalog no. A12581, ABclonal, China) at 4°C overnight. The secondary antibody was IRDye 800 cw Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (Lot no. 926–32111, ABclonal, China). The membranes were visualized with an Odyssey imager (LI-COR, USA).
Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR)
Total mRNA was extracted from the hypothalamus using a TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Takara Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Dalian, China). RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using a cDNA reverse transcription kit. The RT reaction was performed with mixed liquids containing cDNA, primer, and SYBR Green Master Mix on a real-time PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). Data were normalized to β-actin mRNA and relative gene expression was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. Primer information is as follows (Table 2).
| Primer name | Primer sequence (5’- 3’) |
|---|---|
| NPY | forward: GTGTTTGGGCATTCTGGCTG |
| reverse: AGTGTCTCAGGGCTGGATCT | |
| GAL | forward: CAACCCTGTCAGCCACTCTG |
| reverse: GGTAACTCCCTCTTGCCTGTG | |
| GALP | forward: CCTCTTCCTCACCATCTTGCTA |
| reverse: ACGTTTCTCCCATTGACCTTTT | |
| GHRL | forward: CCAAGAAGCCACCAGCTAAA |
| reverse: ACATCGAAGGGAGCATTGAA | |
| NPY2R | forward: ACAGTCTACAGCCTTTCCACCC |
| reverse: CAAACACCACTACCACGCACA | |
| GHSR | forward: CAGTCTCATCGGGAGGAAGC |
| reverse: CACCCGGTACTTCTTGGACATG | |
| β-actin | forward: TGCTATGTTGCCCTAGACTTCG |
| reverse: GTTGGCATAGAGGTCTTTACGG |
Immunohistochemistry
Successive frozen sections of hypothalamus of 8 μm were made with freezing microtome (HM525NX, Thermo) and the sections were placed in a refrigerator at -80°C. The localization of hypothalamus and ARC in rats refers to the " The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Compact Third Edition (with CD-ROM)" of Paxinos et al. [27]. The frozen sections were covered successively with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes, hydrogen peroxide for 10 minutes, goat serum for 60 minutes, and finally with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C (NPY, catalog no. A3178, ABclonal, China; GHRL, catalog no. A12581, ABclonal, China; GHSR, catalog no. A1840, ABclonal, China); After incubation with secondary antibodies (catalog no. G1215, ABclonal, China) for 1 h at 37°C, the sections were stained with DAB reagent (catalog no. G1212-200, ABclonal, China). All slices were scanned using fluorescence microscope (CKX31, Nikon, Japan).
Immunofluorescence
The frozen hypothalamus sections (8 μm) were kept at room temperature for 20 minutes, incubated with membrane-breaking fluid for 10 minutes, blocked with 10% donkey serum (Catalog no. G1217, ABclonal, China) for 45 minutes, and then incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The sections were washed with PBS three times (five minutes each time) before proceeding to the next step. Rabbit anti-NPY2R (Catalog no. DF5000, Affinity, USA) was mixed with mouse anti-GnRH (Catalog no. MAB5456, Millipore, USA), mouse anti-kisspeptin (Catalog no. MABC60, Millipore, USA) mixed with rabbit anti-GHSR (Catalog no. A1840, ABclonal, China), in order to test for co-localization. The marker used for cell nuclei was DAPI. The secondary antibodies were Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (Catalog no. ANT030, ABclonal, China) and Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (Catalog no. ANT023, ABclonal, China). All slices were scanned using fluorescence microscope (CKX31, Nikon, Japan).
Statistical analysis
SPSS software (SPSS, version 21.0; Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to analyze the data. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was applied to detect whether the data were normally distributed. The differences between the four groups were evaluated using the one-way ANOVA test for normally distributed data. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate the differences in the skewed data. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Results
Changes of body weight and serum levels of metabolic indicators
Body weight across all groups of rats showed no statistically significant (Fig 3A). Serum levels of FBG (Fig 3B) and insulin (Fig 3C) were obviously elevated in rats with PCOS when compared with normal group (both P < 0.01). EA treatment increased the level of insulin (P < 0.01) but reduced the level of FBG (P < 0.05). However, SA treatment had no significant effect. In comparison with the normal rats, the serum NPY level showed a significant increase in the model rats (P < 0.01). EA and SA both reversed this increasing level of NPY (both P < 0.01) (Fig 3D). The ghrelin level decreased in model rats (p<0.01) and could be rescued by treatment with either EA or SA (p<0.05) (Fig 3E).
Changes of body weight and serum levels of metabolic indicators. a: body weight; b: FBG level; c: serum insulin level; d: serum NPY level; e: serum GHRL level; N, normal group; M, model group; EA, electroacupuncture group; SA, sham acupuncture group; FBG, fasting blood glucose; NPY, neuropeptide Y; GHRL, ghrelin; The values are shown as mean ± SEM. N vs M, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; EA vs M,P < 0.05,P < 0.01; SA vs M, ^ P < 0.05, ^ ^ P < 0.01. Eight rats per group were used in each experiment. # # #
Expression of GAL, GALP, GHRL and NPY in the hypothalamus
The expression of ghrelin protein (Fig 4A) and mRNA (Fig 4F) in the hypothalamus significantly decreased in the model group (both p<0.01) and EA reversed their expression (both p<0.01), while SA only reversed the mRNA expression (both p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the protein and mRNA expression of GAL and GALP between the four groups (Fig 4B–4E). Unfortunately, we failed to detect the protein expression of NPY in the hypothalamus. Compared with group N, NPY mRNA increased significantly in the model group (p< 0.05), and both EA and SA downregulated NPY mRNA expression (p< 0.05) (Fig 4G).
There were no significant differences in mRNA expression of GHSR in the four groups (Fig 4H). NPY2R mRNA was lower in group M than group N (P < 0.01). After treatment with EA or SA, NPY2R mRNA levels in rats with PCOS obviously increased (both P < 0.01) (Fig 4I).
Expression of GAL, GALP, GHRL, NPY, NPY2R and GHSR in the hypothalamus. a-c: protein expression of GAL, GALP and GHRL in hypothalamus; d-i: mRNA expression of GAL, GALP, GHRL, NPY, GHSR and NPY2R in hypothalamus; N, normal group; M, model group; EA, electroacupuncture group; SA, sham acupuncture group; GAL, galanin; GALP, galanin-like peptide; NPY, neuropeptide Y; GHRL, ghrelin; GHSR, ghrelin receptor; NPY2R, neuropeptide Y2 receptor; The values are shown as mean ± SEM. N vs M, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; EA vs M,P < 0.05,P < 0.01; SA vs M, ^ P < 0.05, ^ ^ P < 0.01. # # #
Expression of GHRL, NPY, NPY2R and GHSR in the arcuate nucleus (ARC)
According to the RT-PCR and WB results, we found that there were differences in the expression of NPY and GHRL in the hypothalamus. Given that the arcuate nucleus (ARC) is a key site of the reproductive regulatory system and the energy regulating system, therefore, we performed an immunohistochemistry test to determine the expression of NPY, GHRL and their receptor in the ARC. The results showed that the number of NPY-positive cells in the ARC in group M was much greater than the number in the N, EA, and SA groups (all P < 0.05), but there was no difference between these groups. Meanwhile, the number of GHRL-positive cells in the ARC in group M was much lower than the number in groups N and EA (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively), but there was no difference between groups M and SA (Fig 5).There was some attenuated immunoreactivity of NPY2R in the ARC in group M compared with group N (P < 0.05), but when treated with EA or SA, the immunoreactivity of NPY2R was enhanced remarkably (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) (Fig 5). As shown by immunofluorescence, the expression of GHSR in the ARC was not significantly different in the four groups.
Expression of GHRL, NPY, NPY2R and GHSR in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) (a-d). N, normal group; M, model group; EA, electroacupuncture group; SA, sham acupuncture group; NPY, neuropeptide Y; GHRL, ghrelin; NPY2R, neuropeptide Y receptor; GHSR, ghrelin receptor; ARC, arcuate nucleus. The values are shown as mean ± SEM. N vs M, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; EA vs M,P < 0.05,P < 0.01; SA vs M, ^ P < 0.05, ^ ^ P < 0.01. # # #
Co-expression of NPY2R and GnRH, GHSR and kisspeptin in the ARC
As shown in Fig 6, the location of the simultaneous expression of GHSR and kisspeptin could be found in the ARC. In addition, we also observed co-expression of NPY2R and GnRH in the ARC.
Co-expression of GHSR and Kisspeptin, as well as NPY2R and GnRH in ARC. N, normal group; M, model group; EA, electroacupuncture group; SA, sham acupuncture group; GHSR, ghrelin receptor; NPY2R, neuropeptide Y2 receptor; ARC, arcuate nucleus.
Protein expression of kisspeptin, GALP, GAL and GHRL in the pancreas
Protein expression of kisspeptin in the pancreas increased in the model group (p<0.05). Neither EA nor SA down-regulated this increasing protein level (Fig 7A). The protein expression of GALP, GAL and GHRL did not differ between the four groups (Fig 7B–7D).
Protein expression of kisspeptin, GALP, GAL and GHRL in the pancreas (a-d). N, normal group; M, model group; EA, electroacupuncture group; SA, sham acupuncture group; GAL, galanin; GALP, galanin-like peptide; GHRL, ghrelin; The values are shown as mean ± SEM. N vs M, * P < 0.05.
Discussion
Acupuncture is the treasure of Traditional Chinese medicine. Acupuncture therapy has the advantages of simplicity, affordability, safety and effectiveness and been used for curing PCOS [28]. Based on the theory of Chinese medicine, the basic pathogenesis of PCOS is the imbalance between yin and yang, disorder of Qi and blood as well as dysfunction of the viscera and meridians. In this study, we chose CV6, SP6 and ST36 acupoints. According to acupuncture meridian theory, CV6 is the acupoint of Ren Meridian where the primordial-Qi gathers, which means an engendering flow of qi of the whole body. SP6, the intersecting point of Gan (liver), spleen channels (Pi) and kidney (Shen), can regulate the functions of the Gan, Pi and Shen, restoring Qi and blood flow movements. ST36 is the lower-he-sea point in the stomach meridian of foot-yangming, regulating and tonifying the Qi and blood. Combined with EA stimulation, each point corrects the imbalances between Yin and Yang to maintain homeostasis of the body by facilitating the flow of Qi and blood. The study is mainly to assess the effect of the EA of CV6, SP6 and ST36 acupoints on metabolic molecules in PCOS pubertal rats.
The PCOS rat model was successfully induced by injecting DHEA. In the present study, the pubertal rats induced with PCOS showed estrous cycle disorders, increased LH level and polycystic ovarian morphology [8]. After treatment with EA, both the disordered estrous cycle and abnormal ovarian morphology were obviously improved. Meanwhile, although sham acupuncture was able to improve the disordered estrous cycle, it had no effect on ovarian morphology, suggesting that EA is significantly more effective than sham acupuncture in improving the ovarian morphology of pubertal rats with PCOS.
No significant effect on protein and mRNA expression of GAL and GALP in the hypothalamus was observed in four groups. However, protein and mRNA expression of GHRL in the hypothalamus and ARC was decreased, and NPY mRNA levels was increased in the pubertal PCOS rats, indicating that NPY and GHRL in hypothalamus are involved in the occurrence of pubertal rats with PCOS. Although the specific mechanism is unclear, we speculate that NPY and GHRL in hypothalamus may participate in development of pubertal PCOS through kisspeptin / GnRH system in view of both our previous study [8] and study of Shen et al. [29] showed that the increased expression and release of kisspeptin and GnRH in hypothalamus are the key pathogenesis of pubertal PCOS. The following provides evidence for our conjecture: a, Immunofluorescence double-labeling experiment showed that GnRH neurons and kisspeptin neurons in ARC were the direct targets of NPY and GHRL in hypothalamus respectively, consistent with research of Conde et al. [30] and Dhillon et al. [31]; b, Kisspeptin, as the nodal regulatory centre of reproductive function, binds into kisspeptin receptor (G-protein coupled receptor-54, GPR-54) on GnRH neurons or NPY neurons and promotes GnRH and NPY secretion from hypothalamus [32–35]; c, Previous studies have shown that NPY is necessary for the pulsatility of GnRH release [36], promoting the secretion of GnRH [11]. However, GHRL is inhibitory to GnRH/LH release [12].
The decreased GHRL mRNA levels and increased NPY mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of pubertal PCOS rats could be reversed by either EA or SA. Manneras et al. described similar findings that EA downregulated NPY mRNA expression in mesenteric adipose tissue of DHT-induced PCOS rats [37], which might support our results. We also observed the similar pattern in serum levels of GHRL and NPY. EA changed the protein expression of GHRL in the in hypothalamus and ARC of PCOS rats, and both EA and SA down-regulated NPY expression in ARC of PCOS rats. Furthermore, Shen et al. presented similar results to our previous study that EA downregulated the expression of kisspeptin protein in the hypothalamus [8, 29]. These data suggest that EA stimulation plays a beneficial role in pubertal PCOS by upregulating the expression of ghrelin and reducing the expression of NPY and kisspeptin in hypothalamus.
It is well known that peptides play its physiological roles through a specific receptor. so we also investigated the expression of NPY and ghrelin receptors in the hypothalamus. The expression of the ghrelin receptors (formerly known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) did not show any obvious differences between the four groups. Neuropeptide Y has five Y (Y1–Y5) receptor subtypes and it was found that the Y2 receptor subtype was associated with the regulation of the reproductive function by suppressing the release of GnRH and gonadotropin [38]. As expected, the expression of NPY2R in the hypothalamus of pubertal PCOS rats was clearly lower than that in normal rats in our study. Both EA and SA significantly increased the expression of NPY2R in the hypothalamus of pubertal PCOS rats.
In addition, metabolic disorders were observed in pubertal PCOS rats. In our study, pubertal PCOS rats displayed elevated FBG levels and high serum insulin levels compared with normal group. Given that kisspeptin has been shown to enhance insulin secretion from pancreas [39], ghrelin and galanin inhibit insulin release in in animal models [40, 41], we decide measurement these factors in pancreas. Unfortunately, no difference in protein expression of GAL, GALP and GHRL in the pancreas were be found among four groups. Interestingly, we found that the protein expression of kisspeptin obviously upregulated in pubertal PCOS rats, occurring of the increased serum insulin level in the pubertal PCOS rats may be related with the increased kisspeptin protein expression in the pancreas. EA significantly reduced FBG levels, and the underlying mechanism may be that EA promotes the production and secretion of insulin, because we found that serum insulin levels increased after EA treatment, however, EA did not change the upregulation of kisspeptin protein expression in the pancreas, indicating that kisspeptin has nothing to do with EA promoting insulin secretion. EA promoting insulin secretion and decreasing FBG levels may be relate to secretion of endogenous beta-endorphin from the adrenal gland [42, 43].
For the first time, the present research shows that EA has obvious beneficial effects on pubertal PCOS by regulating the hypothalamic expression of NPY, NPY2R, and ghrelin. However, this study seems to indicate that SA can also improve the symptoms of adolescent rats with PCOS by altering the hypothalamic expression of NPY, NPY2R, and ghrelin. Verum acupuncture and sham acupuncture may achieve similar results to the extent that they share active constituents, namely dermatomes: the segmental structure of the body [44]. The more verum and sham acupuncture share the same dermatomes, the closer the clinical outcomes will be [44]. EA and SA have partially overlapping dermatomes in our study, which may provide an explanation that SA was also effective. Another possible explanation is that SA can elicit the activity of afferent nerves in the skin, and then affect the functional connections of the brain, leading to a "limbic touch response" [45].
To sum up, our study provides evidence of the beneficial effects of EA in improving estrous cycle disorders, the ovarian polycystic morphology and metabolic abnormalities in pubertal PCOS. Stimulatory signals of EA are transmitted to the brain and play a benign regulatory role on ghrelin, NPY, and NPY2R, thereby reducing the secretion of kisspeptin/GnRH, which may explain partly the effect of EA on pubertal PCOS.