Full text is available at the source.
Abstract
No universally accepted definition or measurement protocol for frailty currently exists.
- Frailty is a complex phenomenon with numerous algorithms proposed for assessment.
- Key physiological systems, including neuroendocrine, musculoskeletal, metabolic, and immune/inflammatory systems, may be dysregulated in frailty.
- Alterations in functional reserves are associated with the development of frailty.
- Longitudinal studies suggest a potential link between immune dysregulation, inflammation, and frailty, though a causal relationship remains unproven.
- The chapter will outline immune and inflammatory changes observed in frailty and explore their possible connections to this condition.
Simplified