BMC anesthesiologyDec 28, 2024

Link between nutritional risk and confusion after stomach surgery in older patients

Circadian Biology Weekly Brief ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗OA ↗

Updated Jan 19, 2026

Abstract

Of the 4,818 patients studied, 23.5% developed (POD) following gastric surgery.

Patients with a (GNRI) less than 98 had a 2.21 times higher risk of developing POD compared to those with a GNRI of 98 or greater.
GNRI remained significantly associated with POD risk even after adjusting for confounders, with an odds ratio of 1.24.
Propensity score matching analysis also indicated a significant association between GNRI and POD, with an odds ratio of 1.23.
A non-linear relationship between GNRI and POD risk was identified, suggesting varying levels of risk at different GNRI values.
Significant interactions regarding the impact of GNRI on POD were noted in subgroups with cardiovascular disease, renal replacement therapy, benzodiazepine use, and vasoactive medication.

Simplified

BACKGROUND: This study explores the correlation between nutritional status, as determined by the (GNRI), and the incidence of (POD) in patients undergoing gastric surgery.

METHODS: Data were obtained from the MIMIC-IV 2.2 database for patients aged 18 years or older who underwent gastric surgery. Patients were categorized into the malnourished group (GNRI < 98) and the non-malnourished group (GNRI ≥ 98). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association between GNRI and POD, and various potential confounders were adjusted to ensure the robustness of the results. Non-linear relationships between GNRI and POD risk were evaluated through restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the effect of GNRI on POD across different patient categories, and interactions were calculated. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to reduce confounding bias.

RESULTS: The study included a total of 4,818 patients, of whom 1,133 (23.5%) developed POD. Patients with a GNRI < 98 had a significantly higher risk of POD compared with those with a GNRI ≥ 98 (odds ratio (OR): 2.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.93-2.53, p < 0.001). Even after adjustment for relevant confounders, GNRI remained significantly associated with POD (OR:1.24, 95% CI: 1.04-1.48, p < 0.001). This association was further supported by the results from PSM (OR:1.23, 95% CI: 1.01-1.51, p = 0.045). RCS analysis demonstrated a non-linear relationship between GNRI and POD risk (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed significant interactions within the cardiovascular disease, renal replacement therapy, benzodiazepine medication, and vasoactive drug subgroups (p for interaction < 0.05). After the patient population was adjusted to individuals aged 65 and older, this correlation remained significant (p for interaction < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies a significant association between GNRI and the incidence of POD in patients undergoing gastric surgery. Improving nutritional status before surgery may lower the risk of developing POD.

Key numbers

2.21

Increased Risk of

comparing nutritional risk groups.

1.24

Adjusted Risk of

from the fully adjusted model.

1,133 of 4,818

Incidence

Total number of patients developing out of those analyzed.

Full Text

We can’t show the full text here under this license.

View Full Text ↗

Link between nutritional risk and confusion after stomach surgery in older patients

Abstract

Key numbers

Full Text

You found one interesting study. We’ll send the next 7.

what lands in your inbox each week:

Recent issues from the circadian biology brief

Abstract

Key numbers

Full Text

Related papers

You found one interesting study. We’ll send the next 7.

what lands in your inbox each week:

Recent issues from the circadian biology brief