Gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain predicts fetal growth and neonatal outcomes

Of 3253 singleton pregnant women, 9.0% were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

• GDM is associated with decreased measurements of fetal growth, including bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and abdominal circumference (AC).
• Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight is associated with increased fetal head circumference (HC) and higher neonatal birth weight and length.
• Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is linked to increased fetal growth measurements and higher neonatal birth weight and length.
• Offspring of mothers with GDM show increased unadjusted odds of cesarean section and preterm birth, although these associations decrease after adjustment.
• Neonates born to underweight mothers have a higher risk of being small for gestational age (SGA) and a lower risk of cesarean section compared to those born to normal-weight mothers.
• Neonates of mothers with excessive GWG have an elevated risk of cesarean section and large for gestational age (LGA), while showing a lower risk of preterm birth and SGA.

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