BACKGROUND: Obesity affects a growing number of people worldwide and is associated with severe metabolic, cardiovascular and oncological complications. Obesity not only represents an individual health burden but is also a socioeconomic challenge. With the incretin mimetics liraglutide, semaglutide and tirzepatide, a new class of drugs is now available that for the first time enables substantial and clinically relevant weight reduction.
OBJECTIVE: The article sheds light on the efficacy, safety and prospects of obesity treatment based on glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). In addition to the results of key clinical trials, potential risks, limitations of use, typical side effects and drug interactions are discussed. Economic aspects are also explained.
RESULTS: Clinical trials show an average weight reduction of 15-20%, with tirzepatide in particular being highly effective. Positive side effects of the treatment mainly concern metabolism (prediabetes and type 2 diabetes regression) and cardiovascular diseases. The main side effects are the frequently occurring gastrointestinal disorders, such as nausea and vomiting. The long-term safety of the substances has not yet been conclusively proven. High costs, limited access and the potential for abuse pose additional challenges. Combination preparations and orally available drugs are currently under development.
CONCLUSION: Incretin mimetics represent a major advance in the treatment of obesity but require careful selection, close monitoring and long-term integration into lifestyle measures.
