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Abstract
Chronic substance use may disrupt gut microbiota composition and function.
- Disruption of gut microbiota is associated with intestinal dysfunction.
- Changes in gut microbiota may contribute to systemic inflammation.
- Gut-brain axis dysregulation is linked to alterations in microbial composition.
- Current evidence is fragmented, focusing on individual substances rather than overall patterns.
- There is a lack of substance-specific microbial signatures in existing studies.
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