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Abstract
Heart failure, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease often coexist and worsen each other's prognosis.
- β-blockers and other heart failure treatments may reduce mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.
- Uptake of these treatments in clinical practice remains low among patients with multiple comorbidities, including diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
- Managing heart failure in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease can be particularly challenging due to their age and frailty.
- Guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure may have both acute and chronic effects on renal function in these patients.
- Available evidence for foundational heart failure therapies in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease is discussed, highlighting current challenges.
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