High-resolution lifestyle profiling and metabolic subphenotypes of type 2 diabetes

Jun 11, 2025NPJ digital medicine

Detailed lifestyle patterns and metabolic types in type 2 diabetes

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Abstract

High-resolution lifestyle data from 36 individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes revealed strong associations between daily behaviors and metabolic subphenotypes.

Eating timing is linked to muscle and incretin function.
Irregular sleep patterns correlate with insulin resistance and incretin function.
The impact of physical activity on metabolic responses varies depending on the metabolic subphenotype.
Findings were validated in an independent cohort, strengthening the observed associations.

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Distinct metabolic susceptibilities (beta-cell dysfunction, (IR), and impaired ) underlie type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, their relationships with habitual lifestyle behaviors are underexplored. This study integrated high-resolution lifestyle data from wearable devices, continuous glucose monitoring, and smartphone-based food logs with gold-standard physiological tests in 36 individuals at risk for T2D (ClinicalTrials.Gov; NCT03919877; 2019-04-18). Over 6400 timestamped records of diet, sleep, and physical activity were analyzed with in participants with measures of beta-cell function, tissue-specific IR (muscle, hepatic, adipose), and incretin response. We found that lifestyle timing and variability were strongly associated with metabolic subphenotypes: (1) eating timing was associated with muscle IR and incretin function; (2) irregular sleep correlated to IR and incretin function; and (3) Time-of-day effects of physical activity varied by subphenotype. These findings were validated in an independent cohort. Our results highlight novel physiological links between daily behaviors and metabolic risk, informing potential lifestyle modifications for T2D prevention.

Key numbers

Participants in Main Cohort

Total number of participants analyzed in the main study cohort.

Independent Validation Cohort

Number of individuals in the independent cohort used to validate findings.

6,400

6,400 lifestyle data points

Total number of timestamped lifestyle records collected during the study.

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High-resolution lifestyle profiling and metabolic subphenotypes of type 2 diabetes

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