β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) leads to phospholipase D2 (PLD2) activation and alters circadian rhythms in myotubes

HMB treatment of C2C12 myotubes resulted in activation of P70S6K and S6 without activating AKT and mTOR.

• HMB is a breakdown product of leucine known to promote muscle growth.
• Previous studies have shown conflicting evidence regarding HMB's activation of AKT and mTOR.
• In this study, HMB treatment resulted in the activation of P70S6K and S6, but not AKT and mTOR.
• The activation of P70S6K and S6 occurred even with the presence of inhibitors of mTOR.
• HMB treatment also led to increased activation of phospholipase D2 (PLD).
• HMB was associated with high amplitude and advanced circadian rhythms.

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