Advances in hybrid exosome-liposome nanoparticles for enhanced cancer therapy

Nov 30, 2025Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces

Improved cancer treatment using combined natural and synthetic tiny particle carriers

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Longevity & Aging on OpenScience ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗

Abstract

Exosomes have the potential to improve therapeutic delivery due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that can carry a variety of bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids and drugs.
Current challenges in using exosomes for therapy include low production yield and limited capacity to load drugs.
Engineered hybrid nanoparticles, created by fusing exosomes with liposomes, may enhance stability and loading efficiency.
Hybrid exosome-liposome nanoparticles (HELNs) show promise for improved therapeutic performance in cancer treatments.
The review discusses biological properties of exosomes and recent advancements in their application in drug delivery and immunotherapy.

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Exosomes, endogenous nanoscale vesicles secreted by various cell types, have emerged as promising natural carriers for therapeutic delivery due to their excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, prolonged systemic circulation, and intrinsic ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). They can encapsulate diverse bioactive molecules-including nucleic acids, proteins, and small-molecule drugs-showing great potential in cancer therapy. However, their clinical translation remains hindered by low production yield and limited drug-loading capacity. To overcome these limitations, engineered approaches such as exosome-liposome fusion have been developed. This strategy integrates the biological targeting and membrane stability of exosomes with the tunable physicochemical properties of liposomes, resulting in hybrid exosome-liposome nanoparticles (HELNs) that exhibit improved stability, loading efficiency, and therapeutic performance. This review systematically summarizes the biological characteristics of exosomes from different cellular origins, current methodologies for HELNs fabrication, and their recent advances in drug delivery, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Finally, the review highlights key advantages of this hybrid strategy for cancer theranostics and discusses ongoing challenges and future perspectives for large-scale production and clinical translation.

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Advances in hybrid exosome-liposome nanoparticles for enhanced cancer therapy

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