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Abstract
(ICIs) have transformed treatment outcomes for various malignancies.
- Resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) presents a significant clinical challenge, with inconsistent response rates and temporary benefits.
- Research into tumor characteristics is enhancing understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to ICI resistance.
- The identification of predictive biomarkers may improve patient selection and treatment efficacy for ICBs.
- Combination strategies are being explored to potentially overcome resistance to ICIs and increase treatment effectiveness.
- Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is critical for developing personalized strategies to sensitize tumors to ICIs.
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