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Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot
Immune system changes that help activate inactive tumors
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Abstract
Tumors can be classified into distinct immunophenotypes based on the presence and arrangement of immune cells in the .
- Hot tumors show increased immune activity and are responsive to .
- Cold tumors lack immune cell infiltration and are resistant to therapy.
- Novel immunologic modulators, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, may reactivate the immune system.
- Transforming cold tumors into hot tumors could promote effective antitumor responses.
- Challenges include primary resistance to immunotherapy, autoimmune side effects, and variability in tumor responses.
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