Inflammation and amyloid beta cause immune cells in the brain to trigger inflammation with support cells

M1 microglial medium increased astrocyte production of pro-inflammatory factors, while M2 microglial medium enhanced anti-inflammatory factors.

• Microglial polarization may alter immune interactions between microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease.
• M1 microglia are associated with the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-6.
• M2 microglia are linked to the production of anti-inflammatory factors including interleukin-4 and interleukin-10.
• Exposure to amyloid-β alone or with inflammatory substances may induce pro-inflammatory activity in both M1 microglia and astrocytes.
• Nuclear factor κB p65 was upregulated in pro-inflammatory microglia and astrocytes, suggesting a role in inflammation.
• Stat6 was upregulated in M2 microglia and anti-inflammatory astrocytes, indicating a potential mechanism for regulating inflammation.

Simplified